#13#
Revisiones-Ciencias
Básicas-Microorganismos *** Reviews-Basic Sciences-Microorganisms
INMUNOSUPRESIÓN
*** IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
(Conceptos
/ Keywords: Immunosuppression; Immunosuppressive ag.; Transpl. immunol.; GVH;
Antirejection therapy; Lymphocyte depletion; Transpl. conditioning; etc).
Enero /
January 2001 --- Marzo / March 2004
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[1]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Immunopathogenesis and
immunotherapy in AIDS virus infections.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Nat Med 2003 Jul;9(7):861-6.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1038/nm0703-861
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Letvin NL; Walker BD
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth
Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The heterogeneity of HIV and the different
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) backgrounds of infected individuals have posed
challenges to understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection. But continuing
advances in our knowledge of the role of immune responses in controlling HIV
viremia should help to define goals for immune-based therapies and vaccine
strategies against AIDS. N.
Ref:: 106
----------------------------------------------------
[2]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Defying death—HIV
mutation to evade cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - N Engl J Med. Acceso gratuito al texto
completo a partir de los 6 meses de la fecha de publicación.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://content.nejm.org/
●●
Cita: New England J Medicine (NEJM): <> 2002 Oct 10;347(15):1203-4.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1056/NEJMcibr022067
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Lieberman J
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Center for Blood Research, Boston, MA
02115, USA. N. Ref:: 5
----------------------------------------------------
[3]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Effects of MHC class I
on HIV/SIV disease in primates.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - AIDS 2002;16 Suppl 4:S105-14.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Carrington M; Bontrop RE
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Basic Research Program, SAIC Frederick,
National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. carringt@ncifcrf.gov
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Data indicate that resistance to HIV-1
disease involves an array of contrasting HLA genotypic effects that are subtle,
but significant, particularly when these genetic effects are considered as a
whole. Numerous reports attributing a role for HLA genotype in AIDS outcomes
have been reported, and a few of these have been affirmed in multiple studies.
Functional studies of immune cell recognition have provided clues to the
underlying mechanisms behind some of the strongest HLA associations, suggesting
the means by which relative resistance or susceptibility to the virus may
occur. SIV infection in non-human primates has served as an invaluable model
for understanding AIDS pathogenesis (in rhesus monkeys) and viral resistance
(in chimpanzee). The effect of rhesus MHC class I molecules on the evolution of
SIV has been convincingly described [19], and a recent study in humans has
suggested that selection pressure conferred by HLA molecules is responsible for
specific genetic variation in HIV-1 [114]. HIV-1 may eventually have
conspicuous evolutionary effects on HLA and other AIDS restriction genes, a
prolonged process that could have occurred in chimpanzee [92].To prevent such
an outcome, it will be necessary to approach the disease from many
perspectives, andapply comprehensively the knowledge gained to the successful
control of the virus. N.
Ref:: 114
----------------------------------------------------
[4]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Virus evasion of MHC
class I molecule presentation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Immunol. Acceso gratuito al texto
completo a partir de 1 año de la fecha de publicación.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://www.jimmunol.org/
●●
Cita: J. of Immunology: <> 2003 Nov 1;171(9):4473-8.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Petersen JL; Morris CR; Solheim JC
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer
and Allied Diseases, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA. N. Ref:: 97
----------------------------------------------------
[5]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Fatal Scopulariopsis
brevicaulis infection in a paediatric stem-cell transplant patient treated with
voriconazole and caspofungin and a review of Scopulariopsis infections in
immunocompromised patients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Infect 2004 Jan;48(1):112-6.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Steinbach WJ; Schell WA; Miller JL;
Perfect JR; Martin PL
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases,
Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3499, Durham, NC,
USA. stein022@mc.duke.edu N. Ref:: 33
----------------------------------------------------
[6]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Dendritic cells transduced
with viral interleukin 10 or Fas ligand: no evidence for induction of
allotolerance in vivo.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Transplantation 2002 Jan 15;73(1
Suppl):S27-30.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Buonocore S; Van Meirvenne S; Demoor FX;
Paulart F; Thielemans K; Goldman M; Flamand V
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - 2 Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School
of Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent
presenters of alloantigens and therefore are responsible for the induction of
allograft rejection. Genetic modifications of DC allowing the expression of a
tolerogenic molecule may render them immunosuppressive. We transduced bone
marrow-derived DC with recombinant MFG retrovirus encoding either viral
interleukin (vIL)-10 or Fas ligand (FasL) to induce transplantation tolerance.
Up to 10 ng/ml of bioactive vIL-10 was produced by DC after transfer of the
corresponding gene. Although the inhibitory properties of vIL-10-transduced DC
were revealed in vitro in a mixed lymphocyte culture, no clear down-regulation
of the allogeneic response was observed in vivo after single or multiple
injections of those DC overexpressing vIL-10. When we transduced wild-type bone
marrow-derived DC with recombinant MFG retrovirus encoding murine FasL, cells
quickly died, probably because of suicidal or fratricidal Fas-dependent death.
Indeed, only DC from Fas-deficient lpr mice survived to FasL gene transfer.
Those FasL-transduced lpr DC exhibited a strong cytotoxic activity against
Fas-positive targets in vitro. DC overexpressing FasL did not behave as
immunosuppressive DC in vivo. The subcutaneous injection of FasL+ lpr DC in MHC
class II-disparate mice hyperactivated the allospecific proliferation of T
cells in the draining lymph nodes compared with mice treated with
control-transduced DC. These results argue against the development of FasL+ DC
or vIL-10-secreting DC as immunosuppressive tools in vivo. The alternative
pathways of T-cell activation triggered by these genetically modified DC need
to be investigated. N.
Ref:: 20
----------------------------------------------------
[7]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Penicillin-resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae septic shock and meningitis complicating chronic graft
versus host disease: a case report and review of the literature.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Am J Med 2002 Aug 1;113(2):152-5.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Haddad PA; Repka TL; Weisdorf DJ
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Hematology, Oncology and
Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
USA. N. Ref:: 34
----------------------------------------------------
[8]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Cross-presentation in
viral immunity and self-tolerance.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Nat Rev Immunol 2001 Nov;1(2):126-34.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1038/35100512
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Heath WR; Carbone FR
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza
Hall Institute, Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. heath@wehi.edu.au
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - T lymphocytes recognize peptide antigens
presented by class I and class II molecules encoded by the major
histocompatibility complex (MHC). Classical antigen-presentation studies showed
that MHC class I molecules present peptides derived from proteins synthesized
within the cell, whereas MHC class II molecules present exogenous proteins
captured from the environment. Emerging evidence indicates, however, that
dendritic cells have a specialized capacity to process exogenous antigens into
the MHC class I pathway. This function, known as cross-presentation, provides
the immune system with an important mechanism for generating immunity to viruses
and tolerance to self. N.
Ref:: 83
----------------------------------------------------
[9]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Scedosporium
prolificans osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent child treated with voriconazole
and caspofungin, as well as locally applied polyhexamethylene biguanide.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Clin Microbiol. Acceso gratuito al texto
completo a partir de los 6 meses de la fecha de publicación.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://jcm.asm.org/
●●
Cita: J. Clinical Microbiology: <> 2003 Aug;41(8):3981-5.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Steinbach WJ; Schell WA; Miller JL;
Perfect JR
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Pediatrics, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. stein022@mc.duke.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Scedosporium species are increasingly
isolated from immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Unfortunately,
Scedosporium infections are generally resistant to amphotericin B, and Scedosporium
prolificans strains are particularly resistant to the antifungal agents now in
use. We report here on an immunocompetent child with S. prolificans-associated
osteomyelitis successfully treated with debridement, local irrigation with
polyhexamethylene biguanide, and the systemic administration of voriconazole
and caspofungin despite poor in vitro activity of voriconazole alone against
the isolate. We also review the treatments and outcomes of 28 reported cases of
osteomyelitis or septic arthritis caused by Scedosporium species in
immunocompetent patients. N.
Ref:: 62
----------------------------------------------------
[10]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Therapeutic management
of extrahepatic manifestations in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus
infection.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Rheumatology (Oxford). Acceso gratuito al
texto completo a partir de los 2 años de la fecha de publicación.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://rheumatology.oupjournals.org/
●●
Cita: Rheumatology (Oxford): <> 2003 Jul;42(7):818-28. Epub 2003 Apr 16.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1093/rheumatology/keg299
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Ramos-Casals M; Trejo O; Garcia-Carrasco
M; Font J
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Autoimmune Diseases,
Clinical Institutes of Infection and Immunology, Insitut d’Investigacions
Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, Department of Medicine, School
of Medicine, University of Barcelona, España. mramos@clinic.ub.es N. Ref:: 123
----------------------------------------------------
[11]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Clinical protocol.
Purging of autologous stem cell sources with bcl-x(s) adenovirus for women
undergoing high-dose chemotherapy for stage IV breast carcinoma.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Hum Gene Ther 2001 Nov 1;12(16):2023-5.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Ayash LJ; Clarke M; Adams P; Ferrara J;
Ratanatharathorn V; Reynolds C; Roessler B; Silver S; Strawderman M; Uberti J;
Wicha M
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and
autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is frequently used to treat
patients with metastatic cancer including breast cancer and neuroblastoma.
However, the bone marrow of such patients is often contaminated with tumor
cells. Recently, we have found that a recombinant adenovirus vector that
contains a bcl-x, minigene (a dominant negative inhibitor of the bcl-2 family),
called the bcl-x(s) adenovirus, is lethal to cancer cells derived from
epithelial tissues, but not to normal human hematopoietic cells. To determine
the mechanism, by which this virus spares normal hematopoietic cells, we
isolated normal mouse hematopoietic stem cells and infected them with an
adenovirus that contains a beta-galactosidase minigene. Such cells do not
express beta-galactosidase, indicating that hematopoietic stem cells do not
express transgene encoded by adenovirus vectors based upon the RSV-AD5 vector
system. When breast cancer cells mixed with hematopoietic cells were infected
with the bcl-x(s) adenovirus, cancer cells were selectively killed by the
suicide adenoviruses. Hematopoietic cells exposed to the suicide vectors were
able to reconstitute the bone marrow of mice exposed to lethal doses of
y-irradiation. These studies suggest that adenovirus suicide vectors may
provide a simple and effective method to selectively eliminate cancer cells
derived from epithelial tissue that contaminate bone marrow to be used for
autologous BMT. We therefore propose to initiate a phase I clinical trial to
test the safety of this virus in women with breast cancer undergoing high does
chemotherapy and autologous BMT.
----------------------------------------------------
[12]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Regulation of gene
expression in lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells by measles virus:
consequences for immunomodulation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Mol Med 2002 Feb;80(2):73-85. Epub 2001
Nov 15.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1007/s00109-001-0299-x
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Schneider-Schaulies S; Bieback K; Avota E;
Klagge I; ter Meulen V
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Institute for Virology and Immunobiology,
University of Wurzburg, Versbacher Strasse 7, 97078 Wurzburg, Germany. s-s-s@vim.uni-wuerzburg.de
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Acute measles, a well known disease
usually contracted during early childhood, is still the major cause of
vaccine-preventable infant deaths worldwide. There are about 40 million cases
of acute measles per year, with more than one million cases of infant death as
a consequence of measles. These are mainly due to opportunistic infections which
develop on the basis of a generalized suppression of the cellular immunity in
the course and after the acute disease. Lymphopenia, a general proliferative
unresponsiveness of T cells ex vivo and cytokine imbalance, are considered as
major hallmarks of measles virus (MV) induced immunosuppression. These findings
are compatible with modulation of T cell responses by viral interference with
professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells or direct effects
on T cells by suppression of survival or proliferation signals. In vitro, MV
interaction causes a variety of effects on dendritic cells, including
maturation and loss of their allostimulatory functions. Whether there is an
additional impact on the quality of T cell responses is unknown as yet. It is
clear, however, that surface interaction of lymphocytes with the MV
glycoprotein complex is necessary and sufficient to induce a state of
proliferative unresponsiveness in T cells. This surface contact mediated signal
essentially interferes with the propagation of the interleukin 2 receptor
signal by blocking the activation of the protein kinase B, also called Akt
kinase, both in vitro and after experimental infection. N. Ref:: 122
----------------------------------------------------
[13]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Severe Ehrlichia
chaffeensis infection in a lung transplant recipient: a review of ehrlichiosis
in the immunocompromised patient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Emerg Infect Dis. Acceso gratuito al texto
completo.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://www.cdc.gov/
●●
Cita: Emerging Infectious Diseases: <> 2002 Mar;8(3):320-3.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Safdar N; Love RB; Maki DG
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Section of Infectious Diseases, University
of Wisconsin Medical School, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - We describe a case of human ehrlichiosis
in a lung transplant recipient and review published reports on ehrlichiosis in
immunocompromised patients. Despite early therapy with doxycycline, our patient
had unusually severe illness with features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic
purpura. Of 23 reported cases of ehrlichiosis in immunocompromised patients,
organ failure occurred in all patients and 6 (25%) died. N. Ref:: 32
----------------------------------------------------
[14]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Subcutaneous black
fungus (phaeohyphomycosis) infection in renal transplant recipients:three
cases.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Transplantation 2004 Jan 15;77(1):140-2.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1097/01.TP.0000107287.70512.E7
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Yehia M; Thomas M; Pilmore H; Van Der
Merwe W; Dittmer I
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Auckland Renal Transplant Group, Auckland
Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. mahay@adhb.govt.nz
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - We describe three cases of subcutaneous
phaeohyphomycosis developing in the lower limbs of renal transplant recipients
shortly after transplantation. Each case presented with dark-colored nodules
that subsequently ulcerated. Histopathologic examination revealed dematiaceous
fungal hyphae with a surrounding granulomatous reaction. The fungi were
subsequently identified as Alternaria alternatum in two cases and Phialophora
richardsiae in one case. In one case, the lesions resolved during a prolonged
(6-month) course of itraconazole without the requirement for surgical excision.
In the other two cases, combined medical and surgical treatment resulted in
cure. A review of the literature on phaeohyphomycosis is presented. N. Ref:: 11
----------------------------------------------------
[15]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Vascular thrombosis and
acute cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent patients: report of 2 cases
and literature review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Infect Dis 2003 Jun 1;36(11):E134-9.
Epub 2003 May 19.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Abgueguen P; Delbos V; Chennebault JM;
Payan C; Pichard E
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre
Hospitalo-Universitaire, Angers, France. piabgueguen@chu-angers.fr
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in
immunocompetent patients is common worldwide, with seroprevalence rates of
40%-100%, depending on the country, socioeconomic conditions, and the patient’s
age. Infection is most often asymptomatic, but acute cytomegalovirus infection
is occasionally revealed by prolonged fever, cervical lymphadenitis, and
arthralgia, and it is more rarely revealed by pneumonia, myocarditis,
pericarditis, colitis, and hemolytic anemia. Here, we report 2 cases of acute
CMV infection in nonimmunocompromised adults that were complicated by venous
thrombosis with pulmonary embolism. We also review previously reported cases of
vascular thrombosis and discuss the propensity of CMV to induce vascular damage
with associated thrombosis. N.
Ref:: 55
----------------------------------------------------
[16]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - The fission yeast TOR
proteins and the rapamycin response: an unexpected tale.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2004;279:85-95.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Weisman R
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Molecular Microbiology and
Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv,
Israel. ronitt@post.tau.ac.il
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The TOR proteins are known as key
regulators of cell growth in response to nutritional and mitogenic signals and
as targets for the immunosuppressive and anti-cancerous drug rapamycin. The
fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has two TOR homologues, tor1+ and
tor2+. Despite their structural similarity, these genes have distinct functions:
tor1+ is required under starvation, extreme temperatures, and osmotic or
oxidative stress conditions, whereas tor2+ is required under normal growth
conditions. Surprisingly, rapamycin does not seem to inhibit the S. pombe
TOR-related functions. Rapamycin specifically inhibits sexual development in S.
pombe, and this seems to stem from direct inhibition of the S. pombe FKBP12
homologue. Why S. pombe cells are resistant to rapamycin during the growth
phase is as yet unclear and awaits further analysis of the TOR-dependent
signaling pathways. N.
Ref:: 27
----------------------------------------------------
[17]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Efficacy of
pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in immunocompetent adults: a meta-analysis
of randomized trials.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Vaccine 2001 Sep 14;19(32):4780-90.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Cornu C; Yzebe D; Leophonte P; Gaillat J;
Boissel JP; Cucherat M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Service of Clinical Pharmacology, EA643,
Lyon University Hospital, Faculte de Medicine RTH Laennec, BP 8071, 69376,
Cedex 08, Lyon, France. catherine.cornu@upcl.univ-lyon1.fr
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The use of pneumococcal polysaccharide
vaccine (PPV) is low in some countries, maybe because of doubts regarding its
efficacy. This meta-analysis aims at combining evidence from randomized trials
of PPV assessing its efficacy in preventing Streptococcus pneumoniae related
diseases in immunocompetent adults. In the fourteen trials totalling 48,837 patients
retrieved, PPV prevents definite pneumococcal pneumonia by 71%, presumptive
pneumococcal pneumonia by 40%, and mortality due to pneumonia by 32%, but not
all-cause pneumonia or death. No preventive effect was seen in the subgroup of
patients aged 55 years or more, possibly due to a lack of statistical power.
----------------------------------------------------
[18]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Disseminated ochroconis
gallopavum infection in a renal transplant recipient: the first reported case
and a review of the literature.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Nephrol 2003 Dec;60(6):415-23.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Wang TK; Chiu W; Chim S; Chan TM; Wong SS;
Ho PL
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Centre of Infection, Department of
Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR,
China.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Ochroconis gallopavum is a potentially
fatal dematiaceous fungus causing opportunistic infections in immunocompromised
hosts. We report the first case of disseminated O. gallopavum infection in a 13-year-old
renal transplant recipient, which involved the brain, lung and spleen. He was
treated with amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole, a new antifungal
agent first used to treat such an infection. Besides antifungal treatment, all
immunosuppressive agents were stopped and automated peritoneal dialysis was
resumed. The initial infection was under control with both clinical and
radiological improvements after treatment. However, the patient later acquired
Acremonium spp. peritonitis; he failed to respond to high-dose amphotericin B,
and finally succumbed. A total of 13 reported O. gallopavum human infections,
including the one described here, are reviewed. The most common site of
involvement is the brain and the crude mortality rate is up to 46%. As the
disease is potentially lethal in immunocompromised hosts, empirical antifungal
coverage should be considered in post-renal transplant recipients with
suspected brain abscess. Early biopsy of lesion for histopathological and
microbiological diagnosis would be essential in managing such cases. N. Ref:: 23
----------------------------------------------------
[19]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - The HCMV gene products
US2 and US11 target MHC class I molecules for degradation in the cytosol.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002;269:37-55.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - van der Wal FJ; Kikkert M; Wiertz E
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden
University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Over millions of years of coevolution with
their hosts, viruses have developed highly effective strategies to elude the
host immune system. The degradation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
class I heavy chains by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an example of this. Two
HCMV proteins, US2 and US11, target newly synthesized MHC class I heavy chains
for destruction via a pathway that involves ubiquitin-dependent retrograde
transport, or “dislocation”, of the heavy chains from the ER to the cytosol,
where the proteins are degraded by proteasomes. In this review, US2- and
US11-mediated degradation of MHC class I heavy chains is discussed in relation
to data concerning the degradation of other ER luminal proteins. A new, unified
model for translocon-facilitated dislocation and degradation of MHC class I
heavy chains is presented. N.
Ref:: 115
----------------------------------------------------
[20]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Beta-herpesvirus
challenges in the transplant recipient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Infect Dis. Acceso gratuito al texto
completo a partir de los 2 años de la publicación; - http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/
●●
Cita: J. of Infectious Diseases: <> 2002 Oct 15;186 Suppl 1:S99-S109.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Ljungman P
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm,
Sweden. per.ljungman@medhs.ki.se
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has major
consequences after allogeneic stem cell and solid organ transplantation. CMV
may cause significant morbidity and mortality, and monitoring to detect
reactivation to reduce disease or management of end organ disease is associated
with increased resource utilization. Two other members of the beta-herpesvirus
family, human herpesvirus (HHV) type 6 and HHV-7, are increasingly recognized
as important pathogens in transplant recipients, either by direct infection
(e.g., encephalitis, hepatitis, or pneumonitis) or via interaction with CMV. In
addition to direct effects of CMV infection, such indirect effects as an
increased risk for bacterial and fungal infections or impaired graft acceptance
and function are important research topics. Diagnosis and treatment of CMV
infection is currently more advanced than for HHV-6 and HHV-7. N. Ref:: 109
----------------------------------------------------
[21]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Cellular engineering of
HSV-tk transduced, expanded T lymphocytes for graft-versus-host disease
management.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Acta Haematol 2003;110(2-3):121-31.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1159/000072461
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Burger SR; Kadidlo DM; Basso L; Bostrom N;
Orchard PJ
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Advanced Cell and Gene Therapy, Chapel
Hill, NC 27516, USA. sburger@ac-gt.com
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Engineering donor T lymphocytes with
inducible ‘suicide genes’, such as herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase, has
potential to improve safety and efficacy in allogeneic transplantation by
facilitating management of graft-versus-host disease. Elective administration
of a relatively nontoxic pro-drug would induce in vivo negative selection of
engineered lymphocytes specifically, sparing other donor hematopoietic cells.
The engineered cells must retain immunologic function, and undergo negative
selection in response to clinically attainable plasma concentrations of
pro-drug. The cell engineering process itself, typically involving activation,
transduction, ex vivo expansion, and selection, must produce clinically useful
numbers of genetically modified cells at high purity. We discuss development of
a cellular engineering manufacturing process that yields transduced, expanded T
lymphocytes meeting these requirements.
N. Ref:: 37
----------------------------------------------------
[22]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Host and viral genetics
and risk of cervical cancer: a review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Virus Res 2002 Nov;89(2):229-40.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Hildesheim A; Wang SS
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Cancer Epidemiology and
Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd, Room 7062, EPS/MSC#
7234, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. hildesha@exchange.nih.gov
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Infection with human papillomaviruses
(HPV) is known to play a central role in the development of cervical cancer.
Both host and viral genetic factors have been postulated to be important
determinants of risk of HPV progression to neoplasia among infected
individuals. In this report, we review epidemiological studies that have
evaluated the role in cervical cancer pathogenesis of genetic variation in
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes and in the HPV genome itself. A protective
effect of HLA Class II DRB1*13/DBQ1*0603 alleles is the most consistent HLA
finding in the published literature. A consistent association between HPV16
non-European variants and risk of disease is also evident from published work.
These findings are discussed. Gaps in our understanding and future research
needs are also discussed. N.
Ref:: 90
----------------------------------------------------
[23]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Successful management
of disseminated Nocardia transvalensis infection in a heart transplant
recipient after development of sulfonamide resistance: case report and review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Heart Lung Transplant 2003
Apr;22(4):492-7.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Lopez FA; Johnson F; Novosad DM; Beaman
BL; Holodniy M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medicine, Louisiana State
University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Nocardia transvalensis is a rarely
reported cause of clinically significant disease, and, to our knowledge, has
not been reported previously as a cause of infection in the cardiac transplant
population. We report a case of N transvalensis new taxon-2 pulmonary infection
that disseminated to the brain and skin in a cardiac transplant recipient
despite adequate sulfonamide serum levels. Subsequent isolates were resistant
to sulfonamides, and molecular ribotyping of the primary and subsequent
isolates confirmed that these were the same N transvalensis new taxon-2 strain.
The taxonomic and diagnostic considerations, as well as the clinical
significance of anti-microbial-resistant nocardia, are reviewed and discussed
herein. N. Ref:: 37
----------------------------------------------------
[24]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Acremonium strictum
pulmonary infection in a leukemic patient successfully treated with
posaconazole after failure of amphotericin B.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002
Nov;21(11):814-7. Epub 2002 Oct 31.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1007/s10096-002-0828-8
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Herbrecht R; Letscher-Bru V; Fohrer C;
Campos F; Natarajan-Ame S; Zamfir A; Waller J
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Departement d’Hematologie et d’Oncologie,
Hopital de Hautepierre, Avenue Moliere, 67098 Strasbourg, France. raoul.herbrecht@chru-strasbourg.fr
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - A severely neutropenic patient with
chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed a diffuse bilateral pulmonary infection
while receiving a therapeutic daily dosage of intravenous amphotericin B for
Candida glabrata esophagitis. Computed tomography of the chest showed numerous
lung nodules, ground glass areas and a pleural effusion. Biopsy of one nodule
demonstrated hyaline septate hyphae. Multiple sputum cultures grew Acremonium
strictum. Increasing the dose of amphotericin B and the addition of itraconazole
did not resolve the infection. Change of treatment to posaconazole given orally
at 200 mg four times/d resulted in progressive improvement leading finally to
cure after 24 weeks of therapy. Treatment with posaconazole was clinically and
biologically well tolerated. N.
Ref:: 15
----------------------------------------------------
[25]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Prevention of
cytomegalovirus disease in recipients of solid-organ transplants.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Infect Dis 2001 Feb 15;32(4):596-603.
Epub 2001 Feb 6.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Paya CV
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Infectious Diseases and
Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905. USA. paya@mayo.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The introduction and combination of
more-potent immunosuppressive regimens, and the increased transplantation of
organs into more severely ill patients, have again placed cytomegalovirus (CMV)
disease in the spotlight of posttransplantation complications. Both direct and associated
complications related to CMV need to be considered in understanding the
pathogenesis of CMV infection after solid-organ transplantation. New diagnostic
methods with higher sensitivity for the detection of CMV and the ability to
quantify CMV indicate that low levels of CMV replication are present in many
patients who don’t have clinical symptoms ascribed to CMV infection. How these
low levels of CMV replication impact the outcome of the transplanted graft
remains unknown. In addition, there needs to be further study regarding whether
only patients at high risk for developing CMV disease or, also, those with
clinically asymptomatic levels of CMV replication should be the target of
effective preventive regimens. This review summarizes our current knowledge of
the pathogenesis of CMV infection after solid-organ transplantation, and it
outlines different effective preventive regimens and approaches. N. Ref:: 47
----------------------------------------------------
[26]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Common community
respiratory viruses in patients with cancer: more than just “common colds”.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Cancer 2003 May 15;97(10):2576-87.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1002/cncr.11353
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Hicks KL; Chemaly RF; Kontoyiannis DP
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation,
The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030,
USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Community respiratory viruses long have
been recognized as primary respiratory pathogens among infants and young
children. More recently, it has become clear that these viruses cause a
considerable disease burden throughout life. The consequences of repeated
infections are most evident in elderly and immunocompromised persons. Even in
otherwise healthy persons, reinfections often require medical attention but
generally are undiagnosed and unrecognized. These reinfections may spread from
healthy persons to those at highest risk. Control requires a multifaceted
approach combining vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, and aggressive early
antiviral treatment of high-risk individuals, as well as education of all
populations affected by these viruses. N.
Ref:: 90
----------------------------------------------------
[27]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Immune control of HIV:
the obstacles of HLA and viral diversity.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Nat Immunol 2001 Jun;2(6):473-5.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1038/88656
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Walker BD; Korber BT
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts
General Hospital and Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
02114, USA. bwalker@helix.mgh.harvard.edu N. Ref:: 27
----------------------------------------------------
[28]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Cutaneous lymphoma
associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection in 2 patients treated with
methotrexate.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Mayo Clin Proc. Acceso gratuito al texto
completo.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://www.mayo.edu/proceedings/
●●
Cita: Mayo Clinic Proceedings: <> 2001 Aug;76(8):845-8.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Tournadre A; D’Incan M; Dubost JJ; Franck
F; Dechelotte P; Souteyrand P; Soubrier M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Rheumatology, Hjpital
Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Whether patients with rheumatoid arthritis
(RA) have an increased risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma is
controversial, and opinions differ on the possible role of methotrexate in the
occurrence of lymphomas in patients with RA. We report 1 T-cell lymphoma and 1
B-cell lymphoma restricted to the skin associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection
that healed completely and spontaneously after discontinuation of methotrexate
in a man with RA and a woman with dermatomyositis. Cutaneous infiltrating cells
were infected by a replicative form of Epstein-Barr virus. After
discontinuation of methotrexate, the cutaneous lesions disappeared completely
in 15 days without recurrence. Discontinuation of methotrexate is necessary in
patients with RA or dermatomyositis who have a lymphoproliferative disorder,
and a follow-up period of several weeks should be observed before specific
therapy is initiated. N.
Ref:: 18
----------------------------------------------------
[29]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Hepatitis C virus
infection and vasculitis: implications of antiviral and immunosuppressive
therapies.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Arthritis Rheum 2002 Mar;46(3):585-97.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1002/art.10107 [pii
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1002/art.10107
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Vassilopoulos D; Calabrese LH
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Hippokration General Hospital, Athens
University, Athens, Greece. N.
Ref:: 92
----------------------------------------------------
[30]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Retroviral proteins
that target the major histocompatibility complex class I.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Virus Res 2002 Sep;88(1-2):119-27.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Johnson JM; Franchini G
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - National Cancer Institute, Basic Research
Laboratory, 41/D804, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA. johnsonjm@helix.nih.gov
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1
(HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) retroviruses are two
evolutionary distinct human pathogens. HTLV-1 is the etiologic agent of two
diverse diseases: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, as well as the neurologic
disorder tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. HTLV-1 is
the only retrovirus known to be the etiologic agent of human cancer. HTLV-2,
the other known oncovirus, is not apparently associated with human cancer.
While HTLV-1 transforms T-cells in vitro, HIV kills CD4+ T-cells and is the
etiological agent of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, characterized by
a progressive loss of CD4+ cells, weakening of the immune system, and
susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancer. HTLV-1 and HIV-1 both
cause lifelong infections, which suggests that they have evolved mechanism(s)
to evade detection by the host’s immune response; particularly to evade
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, which play a major role in cellular immunity against
viruses and will be the focus of this review.
N. Ref:: 80
----------------------------------------------------
[31]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Neonatal toxic shock
syndrome-like exanthematous disease (NTED).
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Pediatr Int 2003 Apr;45(2):233-7.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Takahashi N
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical
School, Tochigi-ken, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. naoto-t@jichi.ac.jp
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The author and colleagues recently
discovered an emerging neonatal infectious disease: neonatal toxic shock
syndrome-like exanthematous disease (NTED), which is induced by the
superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), produced by
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The massively expanded
Vbeta2+ T cells were rapidly deleted in the peripheral blood of patients with
NTED. A marked depletion of Vbeta2+ T cells was also observed in the peripheral
blood before the expansion of these T cells. Anergy is specifically induced in
the TSST-1 reactive T cells of patients with NTED. Rapid recovery from NTED
without complications is expected to be related to the induction of immunologic
tolerance in neonatal patients. Anti-TSST-1 IgG antibody of maternal origin was
found to play a protective role in preventing the development of NTED. The
number of hospitals that have experience caring for patients with NTED has
increased threefold in the past 5 years. Most MRSA isolates from neonatal
intensive care units in Japan were found to be a single clone of coagulase type
II and to possess TSST-1 and staphylococcal enterotoxin C genes. The timing and
increased incidence of NTED suggest the emergence of a new MRSA clone. By
recognizing that TSST-1 can induce NTED, healthcare providers may give
increased attention to this disease in neonatal wards. N. Ref:: 43
----------------------------------------------------
[32]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Solitary embolic
cutaneous aspergillosis in the immunocompromised patient with acute myelogenous
leukemia - a propos another case caused by Aspergillus flavus.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Int J Dermatol 2003 Dec;42(12):946-50.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Krunic AL; Medenica M; Busbey S
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Section of Dermatology, University of
Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL, USA. N.
Ref:: 27
----------------------------------------------------
[33]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Viral warts in organ
transplant recipients: new aspects in therapy.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Br J Dermatol 2003 Nov;149 Suppl 66:20-4.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Schmook T; Nindl I; Ulrich C; Meyer T;
Sterry W; Stockfleth E
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Dermatology, University
Hospital Charite, Schumannstrasse 20-21, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The long-term success of organ
transplantation depends on the prevention of allograft rejection and
improvement in quality of life for the patients. This has been achieved through
better immunosuppressive regimens with lower dosages and a new generation of
immunosuppressive drugs. However, these immunosuppressive agents not only
impair the patient’s reactivity to the graft, but also to infectious organisms,
thereby making them more susceptible to opportunistic pathogens. Because of
this, organ transplant recipients are predisposed to epithelial malignancies
and infections. The majority of transplant recipients will develop warts induced
by human papillomavirus (HPV). Some of these viral warts may present with
atypical histological features and may progress into squamous cell carcinomas.
The risk for cutaneous cancers after transplantation is much higher than in the
immunocompetent population. Current therapies for HPV-associated skin tumours
mainly depend on the destruction of affected skin areas. These treatment
modalities are of limited efficacy and are usually painful for the patients. A
promising novel therapeutic agent is imiquimod, an immune response modifier.
Clinical efficacy of imiquimod has been observed for different skin lesions,
including viral warts in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed
patients. N. Ref:: 35
----------------------------------------------------
[34]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - West Nile encephalitis
in 2 hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: case series and literature
review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Infect Dis 2003 Oct 15;37(8):1044-9.
Epub 2003 Sep 18.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Hong DS; Jacobson KL; Raad II; de Lima M;
Anderlini P; Fuller GN; Ippoliti C; Cool RM; Leeds NE; Narvios A; Han XY;
Padula A; Champlin RE; Hosing C
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Blood and Marrow
Transplantation, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,
Texas 77030, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Most human cases of West Nile virus
infection are acquired via bites from an infected mosquito. In some cases,
infection may also be transmitted by infected blood products or transplanted
organs. There have been recent publications suggesting that chemotherapy and
immunosuppression may increase a person’s risks of developing central nervous
system disease if the person is infected with the West Nile virus. Because
patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation not only are
immunocompromised, but also receive multiple blood products, they are at a
particularly high risk for acquiring symptomatic disease if exposed to the West
Nile Virus. We describe here 2 patients who underwent hematopoietic transplantation
at our institution and subsequently developed fatal West Nile virus
infections. N. Ref:: 24
----------------------------------------------------
[35]
- Castellano -
TÍTULO / TITLE:La enfermedad linfoproliferativa
difusa postrasplante renal y su relacion con el virus Epstein-Barr. Experiencia
de un centro. Diffuse lymphoproliferative disease after renal transplantation
and its relation with Epstein-Barr virus. Experience at one center.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Nefrologia. Acceso gratuito al texto completo.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://www.aulamedica.es/nefrologia/
●●
Cita: Nefrologia: <> 2002;22(5):463-9.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Franco A; Jimenez L; Aranda I; Alvarez L;
Gonzalez M; Rocamora N; Olivares J
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Servicio de Nefrologia Hospital General
Alicante Maestro Alonso, 109 03010 Alicante. franco_ant@gva.es
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Post-transplant lymphoproliferative
disorders (PTLD) are a group of heterogeneous lymphoid proliferations in
chronic immunosuppressed recipients which appear to be related to Epstein Barr
Virus (EBV). Receptor EBV seronegativity, use of antilymphocyte antibodies and
CMV disease have been identified as risk factors that may tigger development of
PTLD. We have studied the incidence of PTLD and its relationship with EBV in
588 adult renal transplant recipients who were transplanted in our hospital
from 1988 to 2001. We have also evaluated the diagnostic and therapeutic
methods used, the risk factors and outcome of the patients who developed PTLD.
We identified 8 recipients (4 males and 4 females), range from 18 to 67 years
(mean age 45.6 years) with a median time between grafting and PTLD of 4.1 years
(0.1-7 years), who developed PTLD (1.3%). Only 1 patient received OKT3 and had
CMV disease, two of them (25%) had been treated with hight doses of
prednisolone, another was EBV seronegative, but the rest of them (50%) had no
risk factors. Two patients were diagnosed at autopsy, the diagnosis of 5 was
based on the histology of biopsy and the last one by CT scans of chest-abdomen
and cytology. The presence of EBV in the lymphoproliferative cells was assessed
in 5 out of the 7 studied patients (71.4%). The outcome of our recipients was
poor. Five out of 8 patients died shortly after diagnosis as a direct
consecuence of PTLD and another of an infectious complication of the treatment
(75%). The 2 patients alive started dialysis and 1 of them died 2 years later
of a non-related cause. In conclusion, PTLD is a relatively frequent disease
with a poor prognosis in renal transplant patients. It seems to have a close
relationship with EBV and can develop in the absence of the classical risk
factors. N. Ref:: 18
----------------------------------------------------
[36]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Impaired gut function
as risk factor for invasive candidiasis in neutropenic patients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Br J Haematol 2002 May;117(2):259-64.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Blijlevens NM; Donnelly JP; de Pauw BE
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Haematology, University
Medical Centre, St. Radboud Nijmegen, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands. N.Blijlevens@hemat.azn.nl N. Ref:: 53
----------------------------------------------------
[37]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Chronic relapsing
salmonella osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent patient: case report and
literature review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Infect 2002 Jan;44(1):44-7.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1053/jinf.2001.0925
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Banky JP; Ostergaard L; Spelman D
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred
Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - We present the first case of Salmonella
virchow causing a relapsing bone infection at the same site 12 years apart in
an otherwise healthy patient. Chronic relapsing osteomyelitis caused by a
zoonotic salmonella may become increasingly important in view of the increased
incidence of zoonotic salmonella infections. Based on this case, we recommend 3
months of therapy with a quinolone when treating a chronic relapsing zoonotic
salmonella osteomyelitis. N.
Ref:: 25
----------------------------------------------------
[38]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Human herpesvirus 6
meningoencephalitis successfully treated with ganciclovir in a patient who
underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Int J Hematol 2002 May;75(4):421-5.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Yoshida H; Matsunaga K; Ueda T; Yasumi M;
Ishikawa J; Tomiyama Y; Matsuzawa Y
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Internal Medicine and
Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
hyoshida@imed2.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) has recently
been recognized as an important pathogen in immunocompromised hosts, such as
patients who have undergone allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT).
Here we report a case of HHV-6 meningoencephalitis in a patient who underwent
allo-BMT from an HLA-identical sibling. The patient suffered from headache,
high fever, tremor, and disorientation on day 35 after allo-BMT. Findings at
magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and routine cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) examination suggested the presence of viral meningoencephalitis. We
diagnosed HHV-6 meningoencephalitis by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
analysis of a CSF specimen. Successful treatment was achieved with ganciclovir.
Because HHV-6 encephalitis has a potentially fatal and fulminant course, it is
necessary that HHV-6 encephalitis be recognized as one of the central nervous
system complications that can follow allo-BMT. PCR analysis for HHV-6 in the
CSF specimen is necessary for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. N. Ref:: 18
----------------------------------------------------
[39]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Definitions of
cytomegalovirus infection and disease in transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Infect Dis 2002 Apr 15;34(8):1094-7.
Epub 2002 Mar 11.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Ljungman P; Griffiths P; Paya C
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Hematology, Huddinge
University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden. Per.Ljungman@medhs.ki.se
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease
are important causes of morbidity and mortality among transplant recipients.
For the purpose of developing consistent reporting of CMV in clinical trials,
definitions of CMV infection and disease were developed and published. This
study seeks to update the definitions of CMV on the basis of recent
developments in diagnostic techniques, as well as to add to these definitions
the concept of indirect effects caused by CMV.
N. Ref:: 19
----------------------------------------------------
[40]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Epidemiology of Candida
species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Lancet Infect Dis 2003 Nov;3(11):685-702.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Eggimann P; Garbino J; Pittet D
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Medical Clinic II, the Medical Intensive
Care Unit and the Infection Control Programme, Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - A substantial proportion of patients
become colonised with Candida spp during hospital stay, but only few
subsequently develop severe infection. Clinical signs of severe infection
manifest early but lack specificity until late in the course of the disease,
thus representing a particular challenge for diagnosis. Mostly nosocomial,
invasive candidiasis occurs in only 1-8% of patients admitted to hospitals, but
in around 10% of patients housed in intensive care units where it can represent
up to 15% of all nosocomial infections. We review the epidemiology of invasive
candidiasis in non-immunocompromised, critically ill patients with special
emphasis on disease trends over time, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach,
risk factors, and impact. Recent epidemiological data suggesting that the
emergence of non-albicans candida strains with reduced susceptibility to
azoles, previously linked to the use of new antifungals for empiric and
prophylactic therapy in immunocompromised patients, may not have occurred in
the critically ill. Management of invasive candidiasis in these patients will
be addressed in the December issue of The Lancet Infectious Diseases. N. Ref:: 177
----------------------------------------------------
[41]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - The impact of
cytomegalovirus infections and acute rejection episodes on the development of
vascular changes in 6-month protocol biopsy specimens of cadaveric kidney
allograft recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Transplantation 2003 Jun
15;75(11):1858-64.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1097/01.TP.0000064709.20841.E1
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Helantera I; Koskinen P; Tornroth T;
Loginov R; Gronhagen-Riska C; Lautenschlager I
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Virology, Helsinki
University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - BACKGROUND: The role of cytomegalovirus
(CMV) in chronic kidney allograft rejection remains controversial. The purpose
of this study was to examine the impact of CMV infection on histopathologic
changes in 6-month protocol biopsy specimens of kidney allografts. METHODS:
Altogether, 52 renal allograft recipients were studied. CMV infection was diagnosed
by CMV antigenemia test, viral cultures from blood and urine, or both. CMV was
demonstrated in the biopsy specimens by antigen detection and hybridization in
situ. Acute rejections were diagnosed by biopsy histology, and biopsy specimens
were graded according to the Banff ‘97 classification. RESULTS: CMV infection
was diagnosed in 41 patients. The 11 patients in whom CMV infection was not
detected were used as controls. Acute rejection was diagnosed in 22 of 41 CMV
patients and in 6 of 11 control patients. CMV was demonstrated in the biopsy
specimens of 19 of 41 CMV patients. CMV was not associated with increased
glomerular, tubular, or interstitial changes. However, the arteriosclerotic
changes in small arterioles were significantly increased in the subgroup of
patients where CMV was demonstrated in the graft as compared with controls
(P<0.01). Analysis of the impact of acute rejection on arteriolar thickening
showed that only a positive history of both acute rejection and CMV found in
the graft was associated with significantly increased vascular changes compared
with CMV-free recipients (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Neither CMV nor acute
rejection alone was associated with increased vascular or other histopathologic
changes in 6-month protocol biopsy specimens of kidney allografts, but a
previous history of both acute rejection and the presence of CMV in the graft
was associated with increased vascular changes.
----------------------------------------------------
[42]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Adenovirus
pyelonephritis in a pediatric renal transplant patient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Pediatr Nephrol 2003 May;18(5):457-61.
Epub 2003 Mar 18.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1007/s00467-003-1080-x
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Kim SS; Hicks J; Goldstein SL
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Gross hematuria, graft pain, and rising
serum creatinine are classic signs of acute rejection, obstruction, or bacterial
pyelonephritis for patients with renal transplants. This presentation often
prompts percutaneous renal allograft biopsy. If subsequent evaluation fails to
show evidence of acute rejection, obstruction, or bacterial infection, viral
etiologies should be considered. We report a 14-year-old Hispanic female with a
living-related renal transplant who had gross hematuria, graft tenderness, and
increased serum creatinine, but did not have evidence of acute rejection,
obstruction, or bacterial pyelonephritis. To our knowledge, this is the first
report of adenovirus pyelonephritis in a transplanted kidney of a pediatric
patient, with isolation of adenovirus in the urine and in the allograft using
immunocytochemical techniques. N.
Ref:: 26
----------------------------------------------------
[43]
- Castellano -
TÍTULO / TITLE:Virus del herpes humano tipo 6 y
tipo 7 en receptores de trasplantes. Human herpesvirus type 6 and type 7 in
transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. Acceso
gratuito al texto completo.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://db.doyma.es/
●●
Cita: Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica: <> 2003
Oct;21(8):424-32.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Benito N; Moreno A; Pumarola T; Marcos MA
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Servicio de Infecciones. Institut Clinic
d’Infeccions i Inmunologia. Hospital Clinic Universitari-IDIBAPS. Barcelona.
España. nbenito@clinic.ub.es
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Recent years have witnessed a growing
interest in the role of human herpesvirus (HHV) type 6 and type 7 as emerging
pathogens or copathogens in transplant recipients. Both HHV-6 and HHV-7 belong
to the beta-herpesvirus family and are closely related to another member of the
family, cytomegalovirus. After the primary infection, these viruses remain
latent in the human host and can reactivate after transplantation. Various
clinical processes such as fever, rash, pneumonitis, encephalitis, hepatitis,
and myelosuppression have been described in association with herpesvirus.
Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests that the major impact of HHV-6
and HHV-7 reactivation in transplantation is related to indirect effects, such
as their association with cytomegalovirus disease, increased opportunistic
infections, and graft dysfunction and rejection. The pathogenesis of HHV-6 and
HHV-7 during the post-transplantation period, the methods used for their
diagnosis, and the evaluation of antiviral drugs and strategies for their
prevention and treatment are now the subject of extensive research. N. Ref:: 104
----------------------------------------------------
[44]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - The immunocompromised
host: immune alterations in splenectomized patients and clinical implications.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Pharm Des 2003;9(24):1918-23.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Jirillo E; Mastronardi ML; Altamura M;
Munno I; Miniello S; Urgesi G; Amati L
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Immunology, University of Bari, Italy. jirillo@midim.uniba.it
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The spleen plays a paramount role in the
host protection against invading microorganisms. In support of the above
concept, in splenectomized patients there is increasing evidence of
overwhelming postsplenectomy infections (OPSI). OPSI are caused by
Streptococcus pneumoniae in about 80% of cases, but also Gram-negative bacteria
are implicated in a certain number of cases. Therapeutically, penicillin and
pneumococcal vaccines represent valid therapeutic approaches in Gram-positive
OPSI. However, the effectiveness of polyvalent polysaccharide pneumococcal
vaccines is still debated and, thus, other therapeutic strategies should be
validated for combating OPSI. According to our personal data, a deficit of phagocytic
activities and of T helper (h)-1 cells is very frequent in splenectomized
patients. In sera, we found reduced levels of both Interferon-gamma and
Interleukin (IL)-4. These data are in accordance with the recent observation on
the protective role of T cells against S. pneumoniae. In fact, patients
deficient in IL-12 develop severe pneumococcal infections and undergo apoptosis
of Th(1) cells. N.
Ref:: 60
----------------------------------------------------
[45]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - NKG2D ligands: unconventional
MHC class I-like molecules exploited by viruses and cancer.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Tissue Antigens 2003 May;61(5):335-43.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Cerwenka A; Lanier LL
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - German Cancer Center DKFZ/0080 IM
Neuenheimerfeld D-69120 Heidelberg 280 Germany. a.cerwenka@dkfz-heidelberg.de
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Our best teachers in revealing the
importance of immune pathways are viruses and cancers that have subverted the
most prominent pathways to escape from immune recognition. Viruses and cancer
impair antigen presentation by classical MHC class I to escape adaptive
immunity. The activating receptor NKG2D and its MHC class I-like ligands are
other recently defined innate and adaptive immune pathways exploited by viruses
and cancer. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of how
NKG2D, expressed on innate immune cells including natural killer cells,
gammadelta+ T cells and macrophages, and adaptive immune cells such as CD8+ T
cells, recognize stress-induced, MHC class I-like, self-ligands. Moreover, we
describe how viruses and cancer have developed strategies to evade this
recognition pathway. N.
Ref:: 55
----------------------------------------------------
[46]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Mycobacterium celatum
pulmonary infection in the immunocompetent: case report and review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Emerg Infect Dis. Acceso gratuito al texto
completo.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://www.cdc.gov/
●●
Cita: Emerging Infectious Diseases: <> 2003 Mar;9(3):399-402.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Piersimoni C; Zitti PG; Nista D; Bornigia
S
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Clinical Microbiology,
Umberto I-Torrette Hospital, Ancona, Italy. piersim@tin.it
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Mycobacterium celatum has been shown to
cause disease in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of serious
pulmonary infection caused by M. celatum in an apparently immunocompetent
patient and review the characteristics of two other reported cases. Clinical
and radiologic symptoms and signs included cough, malaise, and weight loss
associated with cavitary lesions and pulmonary infiltrates. Although M. celatum
is easy to detect in clinical specimens by liquid and solid media, it may be
misidentified as a member of the M. tuberculosis complex or as M. xenopi. M.
celatum pulmonary infection appears to respond to antimycobacterial
chemotherapy, particularly with clarithromycin. N. Ref:: 23
----------------------------------------------------
[47]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Pseudallescheria boydii
(Anamorph Scedosporium apiospermum). Infection in solid organ transplant
recipients in a tertiary medical center and review of the literature.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Medicine (Baltimore) 2002
Sep;81(5):333-48.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Castiglioni B; Sutton DA; Rinaldi MG; Fung
J; Kusne S
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medicine, University of
Pittsburgh Medical Center, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,
Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - (Sca) is a ubiquitous filamentous fungus
capable of causing invasive disease. We reviewed our electronic microbiology
records and the English-language literature. Between 1976 and December 1999 we
identified 23 solid organ transplant recipients with Sca infection, 7 of which
occurred between December 1987 and December 1999 at our institution. Overall incidence
was 1 per 1,000 patients, with a trend of higher incidence in patients
receiving lung transplants compared with other transplant organs (p = 0.06).
The 23 patients included liver (4), kidney (8), heart (8), lung (2), and
heart/lung (1) recipients. Male to female ratio was 19:4, and the mean age was
46 +/- 12 (SD) years. Fungal infection was diagnosed at a median of 4 months
(range, 0.4-156 mo) after transplant. The clinical presentation included
disseminated disease ( 8), skin lesions (3), lung disease (5), endophthalmitis
(1), meningitis (1), brain abscess with or without extension to eye (3), fungal
mycotic aneurysm (1), and sinusitis (1). Seven (30%) patients had intravascular
infection, and 11 (48%) patients had central nervous system involvement. Antifungal
therapy was accompanied by surgical debridement in 9 cases. Three additional
patients were found to have airway colonization only and received itraconazole
prophylaxis, without evidence of disease. Of 22 patients with known outcome, 16
(72.7%) died. Five of 6 patients who survived had localized infections: skin
lesions (n = 3), sinus fungus ball (n = 1), and solitary lung nodule (n = 1).
All patients with disseminated disease and 10 of 11 patients with central
nervous system disease died. An exception was 1 patient with a brain abscess,
successfully treated with voriconazole and surgical drainage. Sca infection is
rare but is associated with high mortality. Early diagnosis by culture is
important because Sca is resistant to amphotericin B, routinely used in the
empiric therapy of invasive fungal infections. Treatment with the combination
of an antifungal and surgery may have a better outcome. Voriconazole promises
to be an effective antifungal agent. Cultures positive for Sca should not be
ignored, and long-term antifungal prophylaxis in candidates and transplant
recipients should be considered. N.
Ref:: 70
----------------------------------------------------
[48]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Management of
Aspergillus osteomyelitis: report of failure of liposomal amphotericin B and
response to voriconazole in an immunocompetent host and literature review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003
May;22(5):277-83. Epub 2003 May 7.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1007/s10096-003-0909-3
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Stratov I; Korman TM; Johnson PD
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3010,
Australia. i.stratov@pgrad.unimelb.edu.au
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Presented here is a case of Aspergillus
osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent patient that progressed despite surgery and
prolonged treatment with liposomal amphotericin B; the report is followed by a
review of the literature. The review of this case and 41 similar cases found an
overall cure rate of 69%. The importance of surgery when amphotericin B is used
as first-line therapy is indicated by a 14% cure rate when amphotericin B is
used alone compared to 75% when combined with surgery. When therapy is failing
or surgery is contraindicated, dose escalation using a lipid formulation was
not effective. On review, the addition of another agent, in particular
5-fluorocytosine, appears to be more beneficial. The patient reported here
responded rapidly to voriconazole, a promising new antifungal agent for
Aspergillus infections. N.
Ref:: 47
----------------------------------------------------
[49]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Epidemiology and
clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Microbiol Rev. Acceso gratuito al texto
completo a partir de 1 año de la fecha de publicación.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://cmr.asm.org/
●●
Cita: Clinical Microbiology Reviews: <> 2002 Jan;15(1):145-54.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Hunter PR; Nichols G
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - School of Medicine, Health Policy and
Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom. paul.hunter@uea.ac.uk
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Cryptosporidium spp. are a major cause of
diarrheal disease in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient individuals. They
also cause waterborne disease in both the United States and United Kingdom.
Studies on the mechanisms of immunity to cryptosporidiosis indicate the
importance of the T-cell response. The spectrum and severity of disease in
immunocompromised individuals with cryptosporidiosis reflect this importance
since the most severe disease is seen in individuals with defects in the T-cell
response. The most commonly studied group is that of patients with AIDS. These
patients suffer from more severe and prolonged gastrointestinal disease that
can be fatal; in addition, body systems other than the gastrointestinal tract
may be affected. The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy does appear to be
having a beneficial effect on recovery from cryptosporidiosis and on the
frequency of infection in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Other
diseases that are associated with increased risk of severe cryptosporidiosis,
such as primary immunodeficiencies, most notably severe combined
immunodeficiency syndrome, are also predominantly associated with T-cell
defects. Of the remaining groups, children with acute leukemia seem to be most
at risk from cryptosporidiosis. There is less evidence of severe complications
in patients with other malignant diseases or in those receiving
immunosuppressive chemotherapy. N.
Ref:: 132
----------------------------------------------------
[50]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - A ten-year-old boy with
a pulmonary nodule secondary to Cryptococcus neoformans: case report and review
of the literature.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003
Dec;22(12):1089-93.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1097/01.inf.0000101916.33855.06
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Sweeney DA; Caserta MT; Korones DN;
Casadevall A; Goldman DL
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Pulmonary cryptococcosis is an uncommonly
recognized disease of childhood. Among immunocompetent and non-HIV-infected
individuals, pulmonary cryptococcosis may be asymptomatic or present with
chronic, nondescript symptomatology. In this report we describe a 10-year-old
with malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone and a pulmonary nodule secondary to
Cryptococcus neoformans. We use this case as a background to review the
pediatric literature regarding pulmonary cryptococcosis and to discuss the
utility of immunohistochemistry for diagnosis of this clinical entity. N. Ref:: 34
----------------------------------------------------
[51]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Potential role of
immune modulation in the effective long-term control of HIV-1 infection.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2002
Jan-Mar;16(1):83-90.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Rizzardi GP; Lazzarin A; Pantaleo G
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - MOLMED, Milan, Italy. paolo.rizzardi@molmed.it
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Recent advances in HIV-1 pathogenesis, and
in defining virological and immunological responses to highly active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART), along with the identification of the numerous
drawbacks of HAART, have clearly demonstrated that the eradication of the virus
is not a feasible therapeutic goal, and that there is an urgent need to develop
other approaches to fight HIV-1 infection. Novel therapeutic approaches of
immune modulation have recently been evaluated in pilot clinical trials. First,
treating primary HIV-1 infection with cyclosporin A (CsA) coupled with HAART to
target massive immune activation extends the benefits achieved with HAART
during primary HIV-1 infection and might contribute to the establishment of a
more favourable immunological set-point affecting the ultimate pattern and rate
of disease progression. Second, treating chronic HIV-1 infection in patients
with long-term suppression of virus replication induced by HAART, with the
addition of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) reduces the pool of activated CD4+ T
lymphocytes able to support productive HIV-1 infection, and might have an
indirect impact on the pool of resting, latently infected CD4+ T cells,
contributing to its depletion in vivo. The important question is clearly
whether these results will have an impact on the clinical management of
patients with HIV-1 infection, determining the precise therapeutic function of
drugs like CsA and MMF, thus investigating the effects of these drugs on
residual viral replication and the decay of the latent reservoir, on long-term
immunological benefit, and, ultimately, on clinical benefit. N. Ref:: 95
----------------------------------------------------
[52]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Vibrio cholerae
bacteremia in a neutropenic patient with non-small-cell lung carcinoma.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002
Sep;21(9):676-8. Epub 2002 Sep 3.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1007/s10096-002-0794-1
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Berghmans T; Crokaert F; Sculier JP
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Internal Medicine, Institut
Jules Bordet, Rue Heger-Bordet 1, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. thierry.berghmans@bordet.be
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Vibrio cholerae was isolated from the
blood cultures of a neutropenic patient treated with chemotherapy for
non-small-cell lung cancer. Attempts to isolate Vibrio spp. from a rectal swab
and stool were unsuccessful. Piperacillin/tazobactam treatment resulted in
eradication of the microorganism from the patient’s blood. Although Vibrio spp.
have occasionally been the source of infection in immunocompromised patients,
this report describes the first case of non-0:1 Vibrio cholerae bacteremia in a
neutropenic patient with a solid tumour.
N. Ref:: 16
----------------------------------------------------
[53]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Bilateral Aspergillus
endophthalmitis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Br J Ophthalmol. Acceso gratuito al texto
completo a partir de 1 año de la fecha de publicación.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://bjo.bmjjournals.com/
●●
Cita: British Journal of Ophthalmology: <> 2003 Nov;87(11):1429-30.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Machado Od Ode O; Goncalves R; Fernandes
EM; Campos WR; Orefice F; Curi AL N.
Ref:: 9
----------------------------------------------------
[54]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Delayed renal allograft
dysfunction and cystitis associated with human polyomavirus (BK) infection in a
renal transplant recipient: a case report and review of literature.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Nephrol 2003 Dec;60(6):405-14.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Gupta M; Miller F; Nord EP; Wadhwa NK
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Nephrology, Department of
Medicine, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New
York 11794, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Human polyomavirus type BK (BKV)
associated nephritis (BKVAN) has recently emerged as an important cause of
renal allograft dysfunction and failure. Early recognition of this entity as a
cause of allograft dysfunction is extremely important since misdiagnosis can
accelerate graft loss. We report a case of BKVAN that presented with symptoms
related to cystitis, and review the risk factors, the diagnostic tools and the
approach to treatment of BK virus associated allograft nephropathy. N. Ref:: 32
----------------------------------------------------
[55]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Interactions between
major histocompatibility complex class II surface expression and HIV:
implications for pathogenesis.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Eur J Clin Invest 2001 Nov;31(11):984-91.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Kamp W; Breij EC; Nottet HS; Berk MB
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Fight for Life Foundation, Amsterdam, the
Netherlands.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Although it has been almost 20 years since
the first cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were documented,
the pathogenesis is still not completely understood. Interactions between major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I and human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), resulting in down-regulation of MHC-I surface expression, have been
reported to contribute to pathogenesis by suppressing the host’s immune
response. Interactions between MHC Class II and HIV have also been described,
but it is unclear how these contribute to the pathogenesis. MHC-II surface
expression on HIV-infected monocytes and monocytic cell lines has been
described to be increased as well as decreased when compared to uninfected
control monocytes. HIV-specific mechanisms appear to down-regulate MHC-II
expression on blood monocytes during HIV-1 infection, whereas host mechanisms
up-regulate MHC-II expression in response to infection of blood monocytes as
well as brain macrophages. A balance between these two may determine MHC-II
expression levels in individual patients. Altogether, HIV seems to be able to
benefit from both low and high levels of MHC-II surface expression. The first
results in reduced immune surveillance of the host, allowing the virus to
replicate faster; the second increases infectivity of the virus as a result of
higher MHC-II density on macrophages and virion particles. N. Ref:: 68
----------------------------------------------------
[56]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Treatment of
gammaherpesvirus-related neoplastic disorders in the immunosuppressed host.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Semin Hematol 2003 Apr;40(2):163-71.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1053/shem.2003.50016
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Little RF; Yarchoan R
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for
Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Neoplastic disease is a frequent
complication in patients with acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS) and
other immunodeficiencies. Many such neoplasms are caused by either Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV) or Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV). The treatment
of such patients can be challenging. At the same time, the viral origin of
these tumors offers targets to develop pathogenesis-based therapies. Standard
therapies for these diseases involve such approaches as treating the underlying
immunodeficiency, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and immunologic antitumor therapy.
Novel therapy approaches include specific immune therapy and anti-angiogenesis
approaches, now under development. N.
Ref:: 105
----------------------------------------------------
[57]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Some aspects of
protozoan infections in immunocompromised patients- a review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. Acceso gratuito al
texto completo.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://www.scielo.br/
●●
Cita: Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz: <> 2002 Jun;97(4):443-57.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Ferreira MS; Borges AS
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade
Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, 38400-027, Brasil. mferreira@nanet.com.br
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Protozoa are among the most important
pathogens that can cause infections in immunocompromised hosts. These
microorganisms particularly infect individuals with impaired cellular immunity,
such as those with hematological neoplasias, renal or heart transplant
patients, patients using high doses of corticosteroids, and patients with
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The protozoa that most frequently cause
disease in immunocompromised patients are Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi,
different Leishmania species, and Cryptosporidium parvum; the first two species
cause severe acute meningoencephalitis and acute myocarditis, Leishmania sp.
causes mucocutaneous or visceral disease, and Cryptosporidium can lead to
chronic diarrhea with hepatobiliary involvement. Various serological,
parasitological, histological and molecular methods for the diagnosis of these
infections are currently available and early institution of specific therapy
for each of these organisms is a basic measure to reduce the morbidity and
mortality associated with these infections.
N. Ref:: 163
----------------------------------------------------
[58]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Immune therapy for EBV
infections after hemopoietic stem-cell transplant.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Cytotherapy 2002;4(5):433-4.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1080/146532402320776071
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Heslop HE; Bollard CM; Gottschalk S;
Kuehnle I; Huls MH; Gee AP; Brenner MK; Rooney CM
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
N. Ref:: 12
----------------------------------------------------
[59]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Management of cytomegalovirus
infection and disease after solid-organ transplantation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Infect Dis 2001 Jul 1;33 Suppl
1:S32-7.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - van der Bij W; Speich R
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Clinical Immunology,
University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands. w.van.der.bij@int.azg.nl
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) continues to be a
cause of substantial morbidity and death after solid-organ transplantation.
There are 3 major consequences of CMV infection: CMV disease, including a wide
range of clinical illnesses; superinfection with opportunistic pathogens; and
injury to the transplanted organ, possibly enhancing chronic rejection. This
article discusses the considerable progress that has been made in elucidating
risk factors for CMV disease, in the rapid detection of CMV in clinical
specimens, and in the use of antiviral chemotherapy and immunoglobulin to
prevent and treat CMV disease after solid-organ transplantation. N. Ref:: 42
----------------------------------------------------
[60]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Cytomegalovirus and
transcriptional down-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II
expression.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Semin Immunol 2001 Feb;13(1):11-8.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1006/smim.2001.0291
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Miller DM; Cebulla CM; Rahill BM; Sedmak
DD
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Pathology, The Ohio State
University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - CD4(+)T lymphocytes are a significant
component of the afferent and efferent arms of adaptive immunity and are
critical for controlling viral infections. CD4(+)T lymphocytes secrete
cytokines that augment CD8(+)T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte responses and
directly inhibit viral replication. The interface between the CD4(+)T
lymphocyte and virus is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule.
Cytomegalovirus, a beta-herpesvirus, has evolved mechanisms for inhibiting MHC
class II expression and thus escaping CD4(+)T lymphocyte immunosurveillance.
Herein, we review cytomegalovirus-mediated down-regulation of inducible and
constitutive MHC class II expression, while focusing on lesions that occur at
the level of MHC class II transcription.
N. Ref:: 83
----------------------------------------------------
[61]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Strongyloides
stercoralis in the Immunocompromised Population.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Microbiol Rev. Acceso gratuito al
texto completo a partir de 1 año de la fecha de publicación.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://cmr.asm.org/
●●
Cita: Clinical Microbiology Reviews: <> 2004 Jan;17(1):208-17.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Keiser PB; Nutman TB
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of
Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal
nematode of humans that infects tens of millions of people worldwide. S.
stercoralis is unique among intestinal nematodes in its ability to complete its
life cycle within the host through an asexual autoinfective cycle, allowing the
infection to persist in the host indefinitely. Under some conditions associated
with immunocompromise, this autoinfective cycle can become amplified into a
potentially fatal hyperinfection syndrome, characterized by increased numbers
of infective filariform larvae in stool and sputum and clinical manifestations
of the increased parasite burden and migration, such as gastrointestinal
bleeding and respiratory distress. S. stercoralis hyperinfection is often
accompanied by sepsis or meningitis with enteric organisms. Glucocorticoid
treatment and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection are the two
conditions most specifically associated with triggering hyperinfection, but
cases have been reported in association with hematologic malignancy,
malnutrition, and AIDS. Anthelmintic agents such as ivermectin have been used
successfully in treating the hyperinfection syndrome as well as for primary and
secondary prevention of hyperinfection in patients whose exposure history and
underlying condition put them at increased risk. N. Ref:: 136
----------------------------------------------------
[62]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Disseminated
acanthamebiasis in a renal transplant recipient with osteomyelitis and cutaneous
lesions: case report and literature review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Infect Dis 2002 Sep 1;35(5):e43-9.
Epub 2002 Aug 2.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Steinberg JP; Galindo RL; Kraus ES; Ghanem
KG
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins
Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Disseminated acanthamebiasis is a rare
disease that occurs predominantly in patients with human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome but also in
immunosuppressed transplant recipients. Few reports have focused on
non-HIV-infected patients, in whom the disease is more likely to go unsuspected
and undiagnosed before death. We describe a renal transplant recipient with
Acanthamoeba infection and review the literature. The patient presented with
osteomyelitis and widespread cutaneous lesions. No causative organism was
identified before death, despite multiple biopsies with detailed histological
analysis and culture. Disseminated Acanthamoeba infection was diagnosed after
death, when cysts were observed in histological examination of sections of skin
from autopsy, and trophozoites were found in retrospectively reviewed skin
biopsy and surgical bone specimens. In any immunosuppressed patient, skin
and/or bone lesions that fail to show improvement with broad-spectrum
antibiotic therapy should raise the suspicion for disseminated acanthamebiasis.
Early recognition and treatment may improve clinical outcomes. N. Ref:: 32
----------------------------------------------------
[63]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Management of
Epstein-Barr virus-induced post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in
recipients of solid organ transplantation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Am J Transplant 2001 Jul;1(2):103-8.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Green M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - University of Pittsburgh School of
Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Children’s
Hospital of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. greenm@chplink.chp.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The optimal management of Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV)-induced post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases (PTLD) remains
controversial. While withdrawal or reduction of immunosuppression is widely
accepted as the strategy for the treatment of EBV/PTLD, the role of additional
therapeutic interventions remains less clear. Newer strategies, including
anti-B-cell monoclonal antibodies and adoptive immunotherapy offer the promise
of impaired efficacy and outcome against EBV disease, but lack data
demonstrating how and when to use these approaches. The current review provides
an overview of potential strategies and presents guidelines for the management
of EBV/PTLD in solid-organ transplant recipients. N. Ref:: 20
----------------------------------------------------
[64]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Capnocytophaga
gingivalis bacteremia detected only on quantitative blood cultures in a child
with leukemia.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003 Feb;22(2):202-4.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Mantadakis E; Danilatou V; Christidou A;
Stiakaki E; Kalmanti M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Clinic,
University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Capnocytophaga species are inhabitants of
the normal mouth flora. We describe the case of a 6-year-old-girl with leukemia
and poor oral hygiene who developed bacteremia caused by Capnocytophaga
gingivalis. The organism was detected only on quantitative blood cultures. N. Ref:: 16
----------------------------------------------------
[65]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Scedosporium
apiospermum pneumonia and sternal wound infection in a heart transplant
recipient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Transplantation 2002 Dec 15;74(11):1645-7.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1097/01.TP.0000038746.35254.A4
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Talbot TR; Hatcher J; Davis SF; Pierson RN
3rd; Barton R; Dummer S
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - BACKGROUND: The most common fungi that
cause invasive infection in transplant recipients are the spp, spp, and the
endemic fungi such as and. Recently, however, other fungal pathogens have
emerged as important causes of invasive disease in these immunocompromised
individuals, including the dematiaceous fungi, such as and the spp, species of
and, and the hyalohyphomycoses, such as (Pseudallescheria boydii) (1). METHODS:
We present a single patient case report and literature review. RESULTS: We
illustrate the first reported case of a postoperative sternal wound infection
and pneumonia caused by in a heart transplant recipient and review the significant
clinical, microbiologic, and therapeutic aspects of infection with this
important opportunistic pathogen. CONCLUSIONS: Postsurgical wound infection
should be added to the growing list of infections in the transplant population
caused by. N. Ref:: 10
----------------------------------------------------
[66]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - B19 virus infection in
renal transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Clin Virol. Acceso gratuito al texto
completo.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://www.elsevier.com/gej-ng/29/46/32/show/Products/VIRUSINT/index.htt
●●
Cita: J Clinical Virology: <> 2003 Apr;26(3):361-8.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Cavallo R; Merlino C; Re D; Bollero C;
Bergallo M; Lembo D; Musso T; Leonardi G; Segoloni GP; Ponzi AN
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Virology Unit, Department of Public Health
and Microbiology, University of Turin, Via Santena 9, 10126, Turin, Italy. rossana.cavallo@unito.it
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - BACKGROUND: B19 virus infection with
persistent anaemia has been reported in organ transplant recipients. Detection
of B19 virus DNA in serum is the best direct marker of active infection.
OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the incidence and clinical role of
active B19 virus infection in renal transplant recipients presenting with
anaemia. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-eight such recipients were investigated by nested
PCR on serum samples. The controls were 21 recipients without anaemia. Active
HCMV infection was also investigated as a marker of high immunosuppression.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In 11/48 (23%) patients B19 virus DNA was demonstrated
in serum versus only 1/21 (5%) of the controls. Ten of these 11 patients had
already been seropositive at transplantation and active infection occurred in
eight of them during the first 3 months after transplantation. The remaining
patient experienced a primary infection 9 months after transplantation. Eight
(73%) of these 11 patients displayed a concomitant HCMV infection and four
(36%) showed increasing serum creatinine levels but none developed
glomerulopathy; 3/11 (27%) recovered spontaneously from anaemia whereas 8/11
(73%) needed therapy. In conclusion, the relatively high occurrence (23%) of
B19 virus infection in patients presenting with anaemia, suggests that it
should be considered in the differential diagnosis of persistent anaemia in
renal transplant recipients. Presence of the viral DNA should be assessed early
from transplantation and the viral load should be monitored to follow
persistent infection and better understand the relation between active
infection and occurrence of anaemia, and to assess the efficacy of IVIG therapy
and/or immunosuppression reduction in clearing the virus. N. Ref:: 56
----------------------------------------------------
[67]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Impaired regulation of
HLA-DR expression in human immunodeficiency virus-infected monocytes.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. Acceso gratuito al
texto completo a partir de los 6 meses de la fecha de publicación.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://cdli.asm.org/contents-by-date.0.shtml
●●
Cita: Clin Diagn Lab Immunol: <> 2002 Jul;9(4):739-46.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Shao L; Sperber K
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Clinical Immunology, Mount
Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA. N. Ref:: 89
----------------------------------------------------
[68]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Inhibition of the MHC
class II antigen presentation pathway by human cytomegalovirus.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
2002;269:101-15.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Johnson DC; Hegde NR
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Molecular Microbiology and
Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes
serious disease in immunocompromised individuals. Normally, anti-HCMV immune
response controls virus replication following reactivation from latency.
However, HCMV, like other large herpesviruses, encodes immune evasion proteins
that allow the virus to replicate, for a time or in specific tissues, and
produce viral progeny in the face of robust host immunity. HCMV glycoproteins
US2, US3, US6 and US11 all inhibit different stages of the MHC class I antigen
presentation pathway and can reduce recognition by CD8+ T lymphocytes. Here, we
discuss two novel inhibitors of the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway,
HCMV glycoproteins US2 and US3. Both US2 and US3 can inhibit presentation of
exogenous protein antigens to CD4+ T lymphocytes in in vitro assays. US2 causes
degradation of MHC class II molecules: HLA-DR-alpha and HLA-DM-alpha, as well
as class I heavy chain (HC), but does not affect DR-beta or DM-beta chains. Mutant
forms of US2 have been constructed that can bind to DR-alpha and class I HC but
do not cause their degradation, separating the binding step from other
processes that precede degradation. We also found evidence that US2-induced
degradation of class I and II proteins involves a cellular component, other
than Sec61, that is limiting in quantity. Unlike US2, US3 binds newly
synthesized class II alpha/beta complexes, reducing the association with the
invariant chain (Ii) and causing mislocalization of class II complexes in
cells. US3 expression reduces accumulation of class II complexes in
peptide-loading compartments and loading of peptides. Since US2 and US3 are
expressed solely within HCMV-infected cells, it appears that these viral
proteins have evolved to inhibit presentation of endogenous, intracellular
viral antigens to anti-HCMV CD4+ T cells. This is different from how the MHC
class II pathway is normally viewed, as a pathway for presentation of
exogenous, extracellular proteins. The existence of these proteins indicates
the importance of class II-mediated presentation of endogenous antigens in
signalling virus infection to CD4+ T cells.
N. Ref:: 57
----------------------------------------------------
[69]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Molecular diagnosis of
an Enterocytozoon bieneusi human genotype C infection in a moderately
immunosuppressed human immunodeficiency virus seronegative liver-transplant
recipient with severe chronic diarrhea.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Clin Microbiol. Acceso gratuito al texto
completo a partir de los 6 meses de la fecha de publicación.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://jcm.asm.org/
●●
Cita: J. Clinical Microbiology: <> 2001 Jun;39(6):2371-2.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Sing A; Tybus K; Heesemann J; Mathis
A N. Ref:: 5
----------------------------------------------------
[70]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Eradication of
parvovirus B19 infection after renal transplantation requires reduction of
immunosuppression and high-dose immunoglobulin therapy.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Nephrol Dial Transplant. Acceso gratuito
al texto completo a partir de los 2 años de la fecha de publicación.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://ndt.oupjournals.org/
●●
Cita: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation: <> 2002 Oct;17(10):1840-2.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Liefeldt L; Buhl M; Schweickert B;
Engelmann E; Sezer O; Laschinski P; Preuschof L; Neumayer HH
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Nephrology, Charite,
Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany. lutz.liefeldt@charite.de N. Ref:: 17
----------------------------------------------------
[71]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - A case of oral
localized histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent patient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001
Oct;20(10):753-5.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Mignogna MD; Fedele S; Lo Russo L; Ruoppo
E; Lo Muzio L
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Odontostomatological and
Maxillofacial Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, School of Dentistry,
Italy. mdmig@tin.it N. Ref:: 25
----------------------------------------------------
[72]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Evasion of the immune
system by adenoviruses.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2004;273:3-28.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Blair GE; Blair-Zajdel ME
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - School of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. g.e.blair@leeds.ac.uk
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Human adenoviruses (Ads) have the ability
to transform primary cells, and certain Ads, the subgenus A adenoviruses such
as Ad12, induce tumours in immunocompetent rodents. The oncogenic phenotype of
the subgenus A adenoviruses is determined by the viral E1A oncogene. In order
to generate tumours, Ad12-transformed cells must evade the cellular immune
system of the host. Ad12 E1A gene products mediate transcriptional repression
of several genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) involved in
antigen processing and presentation, resulting in evasion of cytotoxic T
lymphocyte (CTL) killing of transformed cells. In this review, the molecular
mechanisms of E1A-mediated transcriptional repression of MHC gene expression
are described. In addition, evasion of natural killer (NK) cell killing by
Ad-transformed cells is also considered.
N. Ref:: 110
----------------------------------------------------
[73]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - A survival game of hide
and seek: cytomegaloviruses and MHC class I antigen presentation pathways.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Viral Immunol 2003;16(3):231-42.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1089/088282403322396064
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Basta S; Bennink JR
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH,
Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0440, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) are members of the
ubiquitous family of herpesviruses, which escape immunological clearance and
persist throughout life in the infected host. Cytomegaloviruses have developed
numerous strategies that permit them to co-exist with their host even as an
anti-virus immune response endangers their long-term survival. A considerable
number of these strategies are aimed at MHC class I presentation of viral
proteins to CD8+ T cells (TCD8+ ). Although the gamut of CMV immune evasion
will be briefly examined, the primary focus of this review is on the host
ability to counteract the strategies developed by CMV to inhibit antigen
processing and presentation. A primary mechanism used by the immune system is
the recognition of very early virus proteins including recognition of the
immunomodulatory proteins themselves. We further speculate that
cross-presentation of antigen is an adaptive immune response to the inhibition
of direct presentation. Other mechanisms, such as the evolution of pAPC
subsets, may also allow the immune system to adapt to a variety of different
infectious pathogens while preventing cytopathic infection of all pAPCs. N. Ref:: 85
----------------------------------------------------
[74]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Human herpesvirus 6:
relevance of infection in the immunocompromised host.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Br J Haematol 2003 Feb;120(3):384-95.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Clark DA; Griffiths PD
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Virology, Royal Free and
University College Medical School of UCL, Royal Free Campus, London, UK. d.clark@rfc.ucl.ac.uk N. Ref:: 123
----------------------------------------------------
[75]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Prevention of fungal
infections in the immunocompromised host.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2003
Aug;4(8):974-90.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Mahfouz T; Anaissie E
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Myeloma Institute for Research and
Treatment, Arkansas Cancer Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. mahfouztahsine@uams.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The incidence and severity of invasive
fungal infections have significantly increased among immunocompromised hosts
leading to excessive morbidity and mortality. Several preventative antifungal
strategies (prophylaxis, empirical and pre-emptive) have been developed to
improve the outcome of these infections. Although effective, these strategies
are associated with toxicity, high cost and potential emergence of resistance.
An alternative strategy, in the attempt to optimize the use of antifungal
agents in preventing fungal infections, is a risk-adjusted approach based on the
risk for, and severity of, infection in a given patient. This strategy has the
potential to provide patients likely to suffer severe fungal infection the
benefits of antifungal agents while avoiding the negative aspects (toxicity,
cost and risk of resistance) in patients at low risk for these infections. In
this review we focus on this strategy in cancer patients but it may also be
applied to other immunocompromised hosts.
N. Ref:: 143
----------------------------------------------------
[76]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Retroviral oncogenes
and TOR.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
2004;279:321-38.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Aoki M; Vogt PK
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Molecular and Experimental
Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road,
BCC-239, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Retroviruses have recruited the catalytic
subunit of PI 3-kinase and its downstream target, Akt, as oncogenes. These
viruses cause tumors in animals and induce oncogenic transformation in cell
culture. The oncogenicity of these viruses is specifically inhibited by
rapamycin; retroviruses carrying other oncogenes are insensitive to this
macrolide antibiotic. Rapamycin is an inhibitor of the TOR (target of
rapamycin) kinase whose downstream targets include p70 S6 kinase and the
negative regulator of translation initiation 4E-BP. Emerging evidence suggests
that the TOR signals transmitted to the translational machinery are essential
for oncogenic transformation by the PI 3-kinase pathway. N. Ref:: 93
----------------------------------------------------
[77]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - MHC class I
up-regulation by flaviviruses: Immune interaction with unknown advantage to
host or pathogen.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Immunol Cell Biol 2003 Jun;81(3):217-23.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Lobigs M; Mullbacher A; Regner M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Immunology and Genetics, John
Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra,
Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Mario.Lobigs@anu.edu.au
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - In contrast to many other viruses that
escape from cytotoxic T cell recognition by down-regulating major
histocompatibility complex class I-restricted antigen presentation, flavivirus
infection of mammalian cells up-regulates cell surface expression of major
histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Two putative mechanisms for
flavivirus-induced major histocompatibility complex class I up-regulation, one
via activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, the second by
augmentation of peptide import into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, are
reviewed, and the biological effect of the flavivirus-mediated phenomenon on
target cell recognition by natural killer and cytotoxic T cells is addressed.
Finally, we speculate on the physiological role of flavivirus-mediated
modulation of major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation in
the context of the biology of flavivirus transmission between the vertebrate
host and arthropod vector and suggest that it may represent a strategy for
immune evasion from the natural killer cell response or, alternatively, that
up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class I is a by-product of
flavivirus replication without significance for virus growth. N. Ref:: 75
----------------------------------------------------
[78]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Human cytomegalovirus
inhibition of major histocompatibility complex transcription and interferon
signal transduction.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
2002;269:153-70.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Miller DM; Cebulla CM; Sedmak DD
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Pathology, Ohio State
University College of Medicine, 1645 Neil Avenue, Room 129, Columbus, OH 43210,
USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Pathogens have evolved diverse mechanisms
for escaping host innate and adaptive immunity. Viruses that maintain a
persistent infection are particularly effective at disabling key arms of the
host immune response. For example, the herpesviruses establish a persistent
infection in human and animal hosts, in part through critical immunoevasive
strategies. Cytomegalovirus, a beta-herpesvirus, impairs major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II antigen presentation by
decreasing MHC expression on the surface of the infected cell, thus enabling
infected cells to escape CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte immunosurveillance.
Moreover, cytomegalovirus blocks the interferon signal transduction pathway,
thereby limiting the direct and indirect antiviral effects of the interferons.
In this review, we focus on an emerging paradigm in which the effectiveness of
viruses, particularly human cytomegalovirus, to escape antiviral immune
responses is significantly enhanced by their ability to inhibit MHC
transcription and interferon (IFN)-stimulated (JAK/STAT) signal
transduction. N.
Ref:: 93
----------------------------------------------------
[79]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Cutaneous infection
caused by Ulocladium chartarum in a heart transplant recipient: case report and
review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Acta Derm Venereol 2003;83(3):218-21.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Duran MT; Del Pozo J; Yebra MT; Crespo MG;
Paniagua MJ; Cabezon MA; Guarro J
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Microbiology, Complexo
Hospitalario Universitario Juan Canalejo, A Coruna, España. tduran@canalejo.org
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - A cutaneous mycoses caused by Ulocladium
chartarum in a heart transplant recipient is reported. The infection cleared
after complete surgical excision and 6 months of oral itraconazole therapy. In
vitro activity of amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole,
ravuconazole and terbinafine against the clinical isolate is shown. N. Ref:: 10
----------------------------------------------------
[80]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Current and future
approaches to antimycotic treatment in the era of resistant fungi and
immunocompromised hosts.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001 Feb;17(2):81-91.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Bastert J; Schaller M; Korting HC; Evans
EG
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Klinik und Poliklinik fur Dermatologie und
Allergologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Frauenlobstr. 9-11,
80337, Munchen, Germany.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Due to the ever-increasing number of
immunocompromised patients, both localised and life-threatening systemic fungal
infections are on the increase. Conventional treatment is of limited help, not
in the least due to a less optimum benefit-to-risk ratio. Moreover, emerging
pathogens with reduced antimicrobial susceptibility and the development of
resistance in Candida albicans form a new challenge. Fortunately, conventional
antimycotics have been improved and entirely new ones are on the horizon as
well as alternative approaches such as immunoreconstitution. N. Ref:: 101
----------------------------------------------------
[81]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Fatal Aspergillus
fumigatus Myositis in an immunocompetent patient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001
Nov;20(11):810-3.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Javier RM; Sibilia J; Lugger AS;
Natarajan-Ame S; Kuntz JL; Herbrecht R
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Service de Rhumatologie, Hjpital de
Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - A 69-year old farmer developed Aspergillus
myositis in the right psoas and paravertebral muscles extending to the
retroperitoneum and the fifth lumbar vertebra. The infection appeared after two
local instillations of steroid for back pain. Although the patient was not
immunocompromised, surgical drainage and antifungal therapy failed to cure him;
he died of a bacterial pulmonary superinfection while cultures of the abscess
drainage fluid grew Aspergillus. The likely portal of entry in this patient was
direct inoculation during infiltration of the steroid; the steroid probably
caused a local impairment in host defenses. Only six cases of Aspergillus
myositis have been reported previously. All of them occurred in severely
immunosuppressed patients and the outcome was fatal in all cases. N. Ref:: 15
----------------------------------------------------
[82]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - TAP-independent antigen
presentation on MHC class I molecules: lessons from Epstein-Barr virus.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Microbes Infect 2003 Apr;5(4):291-9.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Lautscham G; Rickinson A; Blake N
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Max Delbrueck Centrum for Molecular
Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - For recognition by CD8(+) lymphocytes,
peptides derived from cytosolically processed antigen need to access MHC class
I molecules en route to the target cell surface. This normally requires peptide
transport into the endoplasmic reticulum via the transporter associated with
antigen presentation (TAP) complex. However, as recent work with Epstein-Barr
virus illustrates, TAP-independent presentation pathways also exist and are
growing in number. N.
Ref:: 50
----------------------------------------------------
[83]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Recurrent septicemia due
to Campylobacter fetus and Campylobacter lari in an immunocompetent patient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Infection 2002 Jun;30(3):171-4.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Krause R; Ramschak-Schwarzer S; Gorkiewicz
G; Schnedl WJ; Feierl G; Wenisch C; Reisinger EC
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Dept. of Internal Medicine, Karl-Franzens
University School of Medicine, Graz, Austria. robert.krause@kfunigraz.ac.at
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - We describe a severe and recurrent septicemia
due to Campylobacter in a 75-year-old immunocompetent patient. Two
Campylobacter strains were detected in several blood cultures. Campylobacter
fetus and Campylobacter lari were identified with PCR tests based on
species-specific nucleotide sequences for the 16S rRNA gene. N. Ref:: 30
----------------------------------------------------
[84]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Reactivation of
replication of hepatitis B and C viruses after immunosuppressive therapy: an
unresolved issue.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Lancet Oncol 2002 Jun;3(6):333-40.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Vento S; Cainelli F; Longhi MS
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Section of Infectious Diseases, Department
of Pathology, University of Verona, Borgo Trento Hospital, Verona, Italy. ventosandro@yahoo.it
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The liver is susceptible to the toxic
effects of many cytotoxic or immunosuppressive treatments. However, in carriers
of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and, less frequently, of hepatitis C virus, liver
damage due to reactivation of viral replication can occur after withdrawal of
immunosuppressive drugs. These reactivations, which are associated with
fulminant forms of hepatitis in up to 25% of cases, are observed both in
symptom-free chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen and in patients
who have chronic hepatitis B or C and concurrent haematological tumours or
solid neoplasms or who have received transplants. HBV-related complications may
cause delays or modifications of therapy, and the chance of cure is reduced. In
this review, we analyse clinical, biochemical, and serological issues in
reactivation of viral replication and examine the role of immune reactions in
the pathogenesis and the possible toxicity of immunosuppressive drugs. We
emphasise the importance of identifying predictive markers of a clinically
relevant reactivation, review difficulties in drug prevention and treatment,
indicate studies that are needed to address the key clinical issues, and give
practical recommendations to practising physicians and oncologists. N. Ref:: 60
----------------------------------------------------
[85]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
reactivation after cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy—pathogenesis and
management.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Rev Med Virol 2001 Sep-Oct;11(5):287-99.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1002/rmv.322 [pii]
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Xunrong L; Yan AW; Liang R; Lau GK
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - University Department of Medicine, Queen
Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulum Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - In an endemic area for chronic hepatitis B
infection, reactivation of this virus is a serious cause of morbidity and
mortality in patients undergoing cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy.
Careful prospective serological testing has shown that hepatitis B virus
reactivation is a two-staged process. The initial stage occurs during intense
cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy and is characterised by enhanced viral
replication, as reflected by increases in the serum levels of hepatitis B virus
DNA, hepatitis B e antigen, hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase and infection of
naive hepatocytes with hepatitis B virus. The second stage is related to
restoration of immune function following withdrawal of cytotoxic or
immunosuppressive therapy, which causes rapid immune-mediated destruction of
infected hepatocytes. Clinically, this can lead to hepatitis, hepatic failure
and even death. The occurrence and severity of hepatitis B virus reactivation after
various cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy is unpredictable and treatment
has been disappointing, largely due to the late administration of therapy.
Recently, pre-emptive treatment of chronic hepatitis B patients undergoing
cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy, with potent nucleoside analogues has
shown some promising results. Further controlled studies are needed to define
the incidence and risk factors of hepatitis B reactivation so that pre-emptive
treatment with nucleoside analogues could be administered to those patients at
high risk of disease. N.
Ref:: 93
----------------------------------------------------
[86]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Human cytomegalovirus
and natural killer-mediated surveillance of HLA class I expression: a paradigm
of host-pathogen adaptation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Immunol Rev 2001 Jun;181:193-202.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Lopez-Botet M; Llano M; Ortega M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CEXS, Barcelona,
España. miguel.lopez-botet@cexs.upf.es
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Among various strategies to evade the host
immune response, some viruses like human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) interfere with
surface MHC class I expression and antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. The
ability of natural killer (NK) cells to detect MHC class I molecules through
inhibitory receptors can be envisaged as an adaptation of the immune system for
responding to such pathological alterations. To fulfil that role, rodents use
members of the Ly49 C-type lectin superfamily, whereas primates employ killer
immunoglobulin-like receptors and the immunoglobulin-like transcript
2/leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 receptor. CD94/NKG2 lectin-like
heterodimers represent the most conserved receptor system for MHC class I
molecules; by interacting with human HLA-E or murine Qa-1b, CD94/NKG2A
inhibitory receptors broadly probe the biosynthesis pathway of other class I
molecules. Reciprocally, HCMV has developed mechanisms to evade the NK response
while modulating HLA class Ia expression. The ability of HCMV to maintain
surface levels of HLA-E and to express an HLA class I surrogate (UL18) are
herein discussed in the context of the interplay with human NKR systems. N. Ref:: 102
----------------------------------------------------
[87]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - The impact of human
herpesvirus-6 and -7 infection on the outcome of liver transplantation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Liver Transpl 2002 Aug;8(8):651-8.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1053/jlts.2002.34966
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Razonable RR; Paya CV
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Infectious Diseases and
Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 and -7 are novel
members of the beta-herpesvirus family that maintain latency in the human host
after primary infection. Reactivation from latency and/or increased degree of
viral replication occurs during periods of immune dysfunction. The clinical
effect of HHV-6 and HHV-7 reactivation in recipients of liver transplants is
now being recognized. Clinical illnesses such as fever, rash, pneumonitis, encephalitis,
hepatitis, and myelosuppression have been described in a number of anecdotal
reports. Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests that the more important
effect of HHV-6 and HHV-7 reactivation on the outcomes of liver transplantation
may be mediated indirectly by their interactions with the other
beta-herpesvirus-cytomegalovirus (CMV). Coinfection among these three
beta-herpesviruses in clinical syndromes that were classically ascribed to be
solely caused by CMV has been shown and has raised substantial interest in the
potential role of HHV-6 and HHV-7 as copathogens in the direct and indirect
illnesses caused by CMV. This article reviews the current scientific data on
the role and the magnitude of impact of HHV-6 and HHV-7 infection on the outcomes
of liver transplantation. N.
Ref:: 66
----------------------------------------------------
[88]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - The involvement of
class Ib molecules in the host response to infection with Salmonella and its
relevance to autoimmunity.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Microbes Infect 2001
Nov-Dec;3(14-15):1249-59.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Soloski MJ; Metcalf ES
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Rheumatology, Department of
Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218,
USA. mski@jhmi.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Class I molecules with limited
polymorphism have been implicated in the host response to infectious agents.
Following infection with Salmonella typhimurium, mice develop a CD8+ CTL response
that specifically recognizes bacteria infected cells. An immunodominant
component of the CTL response recognizes a peptide epitope derived from the
Salmonella GroEL molecule that is presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class Ib
molecule Qa-1. T cells recognizing the bacterial peptide also cross-recognize a
homologous peptide from the mammalian hsp60 molecule. Since Qa-1 has a
functional equivalent in humans, this observation may be relevant not only to
the host response involved in clearing infection but also in understanding the
link between infection with Gram-negative pathogens and autoimmune
disease. N. Ref:: 120
----------------------------------------------------
[89]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Viral infections and
their impact on chronic renal allograft dysfunction.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Transplantation 2001 Jun 15;71(11
Suppl):SS24-30.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Soderberg-Naucler C; Emery VC
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Viral infections, particularly those
involving HCMV, are an important complication of renal transplantation.
Transplantation protocols and treatment regimens that increase HCMV infection
and disease may promote the development of CRAD and impair long-term renal
allograft survival. Investigators are beginning to illuminate the mechanisms by
which HCMV infection may cause chronic rejection in general and transplant
vascular sclerosis in particular. Migration and proliferation of SMCs within
the intimal layer of blood vessels is an important component of transplant
vascular sclerosis, and HCMV appears to facilitate both of these processes.
Current management strategies for HCMV focus on prevention, either using a
focal preemptive therapeutic approach or by administering antiviral therapies
to all or at-risk patients. N.
Ref:: 74
----------------------------------------------------
[90]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - E1A-based determinants
of oncogenicity in human adenovirus groups A and C.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2004;273:245-88.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Williams JF; Zhang Y; Williams MA; Hou S;
Kushner D; Ricciardi RP
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Biological Sciences,
Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. jfw1@andrew.cmu.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - A broad spectrum of genetic and molecular
investigations carried out with group C, Ad2 and Ad5, and with group A, Ad12,
have shown that early region1 (E1) gene products are sufficient for complete
transformation of rodent cells in vitro by these viruses. During the past
quarter century, the processes by which E1A proteins, in cooperation with E1B
proteins, perturb the cell cycle and induce the transformed phenotype, have
become well defined. Somewhat less understood is the basis for the differential
oncogenicity of these two groups of viruses, and the processes by which the E1A
proteins of Ad12 induce a tumorigenic phenotype in transformants resulting from
infection of cells in vivo and in vitro. In this chapter we review previous
findings and present new evidence which demonstrates that Ad12 E1A possesses
two or more independent functions enabling it to induce tumors. One of these
functions lies in its capacity to repress transcription of MHC class I genes,
allowing the tumor cells to avoid lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We have
shown that class I repression is mediated through increased binding of
repressor COUP-TF and decreased binding of NF-kB to the class I enhancer. In
addition to mediating immune escape, E1A also determines the susceptibility of
transformants to Natural Killer (NK) cell lysis, and in this case, also, Ad12
transformants are not susceptible. By using Ad12 mutants containing chimeric
E1A Ad12-Ad5 genes, point mutations, or a specific deletion, we have shown that
the unique spacer region of Ad12 E1A is an oncogenic determinant, but is not
required for transformation in vitro. Given that the E1A regions responsible
for class I repression are first exon encoded, we have examined a set of cell
lines transformed by these altered viruses, and have found that while they
display greatly reduced tumorigenicity, they maintain a wildtype capacity to
repress class I transcription. Whether the spacer contributes to NK evasion
remains unresolved. Lastly, we discuss the properties of the Ad2/Ad5 E1A
C-terminal negative modulator of tumorigenicity, and examine the effects on
transformation, tumor induction and transformant tumorigenicity, when the Ad5
negative modulator is placed by chimeric construction in Ad12 E1A. N. Ref:: 104
----------------------------------------------------
[91]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - The influence of HLA
genotype on AIDS.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Annu Rev Med 2003;54:535-51. Epub 2001 Dec
3.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1146/annurev.med.54.101601.152346
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Carrington M; O’Brien SJ
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick,
Inc, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA. carringt@ncifcrf.gov
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Genetic resistance to infectious diseases
is likely to involve a complex array of immune-response and other genes with
variants that impose subtle but significant consequences on gene expression or
protein function. We have gained considerable insight into the genetic
determinants of HIV-1 disease, and the HLA class I genes appear to be highly
influential in this regard. Numerous reports have identified a role for HLA
genotype in AIDS outcomes, implicating many HLA alleles in various aspects of
HIV disease. Here we review the HLA associations with progression to AIDS that
have been consistently affirmed and discuss the underlying mechanisms behind
some of these associations based on functional studies of immune cell
recognition. N.
Ref:: 97
----------------------------------------------------
[92]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Plasmodium vivax
malaria complicated by hemophagocytic syndrome in an immunocompetent
serviceman.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Am J Hematol 2003 Oct;74(2):127-30.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1002/ajh.10390
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Park TS; Oh SH; Choi JC; Kim HH; Chang CL;
Son HC; Lee EY
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Laboratory Medicine, College
of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - We describe a 23-year-old retired military
officer who was immunocompetent but diagnosed with hemophagocytic syndrome
(HPS) by Plasmodium vivax infection. Initially, the patient was suspected to
have toxic hepatitis related to heavy drinking. But abnormal hematologic
findings required a further bone marrow examination and the diagnosis of HPS
was made. Antimalarial chemotherapy then brought complete remission. Plasmodium
falciparum, a species causing more severe malarial infection, was listed as one
of the major causes of HPS. However, P. vivax was not mentioned, and only one
case was reported in the literature. In this study, we suggest that P. vivax
malaria should be included in the differential diagnosis of HPS, even in an
immunocompetent person. N.
Ref:: 9
----------------------------------------------------
[93]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Human monocytic
ehrlichiosis: an emerging pathogen in transplantation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Transplantation 2001 Jun
15;71(11):1678-80.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Tan HP; Stephen Dumler J; Maley WR; Klein
AS; Burdick JF; Fred Poordad F; Thuluvath PJ; Markowitz JS
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins
Hospital, Harvey 611, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-8611, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - BACKGROUND: The spectrum of disease caused
by Ehrlichia spp. ranges from asymptomatic to fatal. Awareness and early
diagnosis of the infection is paramount because appropriate therapy leads to
rapid defervescence and cure. If left untreated, particularly in
immunosuppressed patients, ehrlichioses may result in multi-system organ
failure and death. METHODS: We report the second case of human monocytic
ehrlichiosis (HME) in a liver transplant recipient, and review the literature.
RESULTS: The patient presented with fever and headache, had negative cultures,
and despite broad-spectrum antimicrobial coverage appeared progressively
septic. After eliciting a history of tick exposure we treated the patient
empirically with doxycycline. The diagnosis of HME was confirmed by 1)
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Ehrlichia chaffeensis, 2) acute and
convalescent serum titers, and 3) in vitro cultivation of E chaffeensis from
peripheral blood. CONCLUSION: Although human ehrlichioses are relatively
uncommon, they are emerging as clinically significant arthropod-borne
infections. Although epidemiological exposure is responsible for infection,
immunosuppression makes patients more likely to succumb to disease. A high
index of suspicion and early treatment results in a favorable outcome. N. Ref:: 13
----------------------------------------------------
[94]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Characteristics of
poliovirus strains from long-term excretors with primary immunodeficiencies.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Dev Biol (Basel) 2001;105:75-80.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Minor P
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - National Institute for Biological
Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Individuals who are deficient in humoral
immunity are particularly at risk from infection with enteroviruses, and
poliovirus in particular, where antibodies are the main source of protection
from disease. Long-term excretion of vaccine strains of poliovirus has been
documented for many years and instances of paralytic poliomyelitis in
hypogammaglobulinaemic patients who were subsequently found to have been
excreting virus for prolonged periods have been reported in the U.S.A., Germany
and Japan. The identification of a healthy immunodeficient patient in the U.K.
who has probably been excreting type 2 poliovirus for 15 years will be
described, with the characteristics of the virus and the results of attempts at
treatment so far. Such individuals pose a significant risk to the eradication
programme unless they can be identified and treated. N. Ref:: 12
----------------------------------------------------
[95]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Role of bacteria and
HLA-B27 in the pathogenesis of reactive arthritis.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003
Feb;29(1):21-36, v-vi.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Yu D; Kuipers JG
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Rheumatology, University of
California at Los Angeles, 35-40 Rehab Center, 1000 Veterans Avenue, Los
Angeles, CA 90095, USA. dtyyu@ucla.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Strictly speaking, “reactive arthritis” is
a conventional term with no study-verified definition. This review will focus
on the type of arthritis that is induced by the following species: Chlamydia,
Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter. The types of arthritis
caused by these pathogens share a clinical pattern that is common in the
spondyloarthropathies, especially undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy and
Reiter’s syndrome. All these diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis, must
also share major pathogenetic pathways.
N. Ref:: 41
----------------------------------------------------
[96]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Bacillus sphaericus
bacteraemia in children with cancer: case reports and literature review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Hosp Infect 2001 Jun;48(2):142-5.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1053/jhin.2001.0995
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Castagnola E; Fioredda F; Barretta MA;
Pescetto L; Garaventa A; Lanino E; Micalizzi C; Giacchino R; Dini G
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Infectious Diseases Unit, G. Gaslini
Children’s HospitaL, Genoa, Italy. eliocastagnola@ospedale-gaslini.ge.it
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - In the period 1989-1999, Bacillus
sphaericus was demonstrated to cause 12 out of 469 (2%) episodes of bacteraemia
in children with cancer or receiving bone marrow transplant at G. Gaslini
Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy. Neutropenia was present in five episodes,
six episodes, (all without neutropenia) were related to the presence of a
central venous catheter, and one episode occurred in a patient with intestinal
graft vs. host disease and gut colonization. All patients survived.
Ciprofloxacin was the only drug active against all the isolated
strains.Bacillus sphaericus represents a new cause of infection in the
immunocompromised host, with low aggressiveness, but a peculiar pattern of
antibiotic susceptibility. N.
Ref:: 10
----------------------------------------------------
[97]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Teaching old drugs new
tricks: reincarnating immunosuppressants as antifungal drugs.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2003
Feb;4(2):192-9.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Blankenship JR; Steinbach WJ; Perfect JR;
Heitman J
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Molecular Genetics and
Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710,
USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Invasive fungal infections are rising
worldwide as the number of immunocompromised patients increases. Unfortunately,
our armamentarium of antifungal drugs is limited. Although current therapies
are effective in treating some of the most prevalent infections, the development
of novel treatments is vital because of emerging drug-resistant strains and
species and because of the toxicity of certain current therapies. The
immunosuppressive drugs CsA (cyclosporin A), FK-506 (tacrolimus) and rapamycin
(sirolimus) exert potent antifungal effects against a variety of pathogenic
fungi. These compounds are all currently in clinical use as immunosuppressive
therapy to treat and prevent rejection of transplanted organs. Rapamycin is
also in clinical trials as an antiproliferative agent for chemotherapy and
invasive cardiology. Recent studies reveal a potent fungicidal synergism
between azoles and the calcineurin inhibitors CsA and FK-506, and animal
studies demonstrate that the CsA-fluconazole synergistic combination has
therapeutic benefit. Less immunosuppressive analogs have been identified with
potential to enhance current therapies, or as monotherapy without deleterious
effects on the immune system. In summary, these highly successful
pharmaceutical agents may find an even broader clinical application in
combating infectious diseases. N.
Ref:: 74
----------------------------------------------------
[98]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Alternariosis after
liver transplantation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Transplantation 2001 Dec 15;72(11):1840-3.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Benito N; Moreno A; Puig J; Rimola A
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Institut Clinic d’ Infeccions i
Inmunologia, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, España. nbenito@clinic.ub.es
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Alternaria is a saprophytic fungus that is
increasingly recognized as a human pathogen, particularly in immunocompromised
hosts, including solid-organ transplant recipients. Although combined surgical
and medical treatment seem to be useful in the management of this infection, an
optimal antifungal therapy remains to be defined. Only four cases of
alternariosis after orthotopic liver transplantation have been reported. We
describe an additional case and review the literature on infections due to
Alternaria in organ transplant recipients, with special emphasis on
treatment. N. Ref:: 20
----------------------------------------------------
[99]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Vibrio alginolyticus as
the cause of pleural empyema and bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002
May;21(5):401-3. Epub 2002 May 14.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1007/s10096-002-0726-0
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Chien JY; Shih JT; Hsueh PR; Yang PC; Luh
KT
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Internal Medicine, National
Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine,
Taipei, Taiwan. N.
Ref:: 16
----------------------------------------------------
[100]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Subcutaneous infection
with Mycobacterium fortuitum after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Bone Marrow Transplant 2001
Oct;28(7):709-11.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1038/sj/bmt/1703211
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Okano A; Shimazaki C; Ochiai N; Hatsuse M;
Takahashi R; Ashihara E; Inaba T; Fujita N; Noda Y; Nakagawa M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Second Department of Medicine, Kyoto
Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kami-gyoku,
Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Reports of cases of mycobacterial
infections after SCT are rare. We report a 30-year-old female with a cutaneous
infection of Mycobacterium fortuitum 30 months after allogeneic bone marrow
transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The patient was successfully
treated with surgical debridement followed by oral minocycline and
clarithromycin. Mycobacterial infections should be considered in SCT patients
with undiagnosed refractory chronic cutaneous infection, and surgical
debridement is useful for the diagnosis and treatment of such infections. N. Ref:: 7
----------------------------------------------------
[101]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Kaposi’s sarcoma:
aetiopathogenesis, histology and clinical features.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003
Mar;17(2):138-54.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Buonaguro FM; Tomesello ML; Buonaguro L;
Satriano RA; Ruocco E; Castello G; Ruocco V
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Experimental Oncology,
Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori Fondazione Pascale, 80131
Naples, Italy.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) represents today one
of the most common skin cancers in transplanted Mediterranean subjects and,
since the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency
syndrome, in young unmarried single men. The disease has been associated with
the recent identified human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 or KS herpesvirus and its
incidence in the general population shows a north to south gradient that
parallels the HHV-8 increasing prevalence from Nordic countries to sub-Saharan
regions. The identification of the aetiopathogenetic mechanisms (viral agents
and immunodeficiency) involved in the pathogenesis of KS, are relevant for
identifying susceptible subjects (HHV-8 seropositive subjects), monitoring the
immune levels in iatrogenic immune suppressed patients, and developing new
therapeutic approaches based on antiviral and immune modulators. Learning
objective: This article should enable the reader: (i) to learn about the
clinical and molecular aspects of KS in order to have a multidisciplinary approach
to a tumour that shows unique features; (ii) to consider the role of viral
agents and immunity; and (iii) to recognize properties of an opportunistic
neoplasm. The identification of the HHV-8 role in KS pathogenesis should
establish a relevant tool in the clinical management of KS patients. N. Ref:: 182
----------------------------------------------------
[102]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Development of acquired
immunity to Salmonella.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Med Microbiol. Acceso gratuito al texto
completo.
●●
Enlace a la Editora de la Revista http://jmm.sgmjournals.org/
●●
Cita: Journal of Medical Microbiology: <> 2003 Jun;52(Pt 6):453-9.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Mastroeni P; Menager N
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Bacterial Infection Group, Centre for
Veterinary Science, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of
Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK. pm274@cam.ac.uk
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S.
typhi) causes human typhoid fever, a serious and widespread disease in
developing countries. Other Salmonella serovars are associated with food-borne
infections. The recent emergence of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella strains highlights
the need for better preventive measures, including vaccination. The available
vaccines against Salmonella infection do not confer optimal protection. The
design of new Salmonella vaccines must be based on the identification of
suitable virulence genes and on knowledge of the immunological mechanisms of
resistance to the disease. Control and clearance of a vaccine strain rely on
the phagocyte oxidative burst, reactive nitrogen intermediates, inflammatory
cytokines and CD4(+) TCR-alphabeta(+) T cells and are controlled by genes
including NRAMP1 and MHC class II. Vaccine-induced resistance to reinfection
requires the presence of Th1-type immunological memory and anti-Salmonella
antibodies. The interaction between T and B cells is essential for the development
of resistance following vaccination. The identification of immunodeficiencies
that render individuals more susceptible to salmonellosis must be taken into
consideration when designing and testing live attenuated Salmonella vaccines.
An ideal live Salmonella vaccine should therefore be safe, regardless of the
immunological status of the vaccinee, but still immunogenic. N. Ref:: 107
----------------------------------------------------
[103]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Identification of
HLA-B27-restricted peptides in reactive arthritis and other
spondyloarthropathies: computer algorithms and fluorescent activated cell
sorting analysis as tools for hunting of HLA-B27-restricted chlamydial and
autologous crossreactive peptides involved in reactive arthritis and ankylosing
spondylitis.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003
Aug;29(3):595-611.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Kuon W; Sieper J
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Section of Rheumatology, FU-Klinikum
Benjamin Franklin, Berlin Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany. kuon@medizin.fu-berlin.de
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The illustrated clinical and experimental
results demonstrate the strong relationship between the MHC class I antigen
HLA-B27 and synovial CD8+ T cells with specificity for bacterial and possible
self-antigen in SpA. These new aspects obtained in recent experimental and
clinical studies might also provide clues to the pathomechanisms of joint
inflammation in SpA. In particular, the newly developed techniques will be of
great relevance in the near future. New and more precise bioalgorithms
reflecting new insights in the biology and biochemistry of proteins as recently
presented [98, 99] can be helpful (e.g., a program with an improved prediction
of the features of immunoproteasomes). Intracellular and secreted cytokine
staining by FACScan allows examination of a great number of cells expressing
certain antigens in response to certain stimuli. The analysis of T-cell
responses with tetramer/peptide complexes can be useful to screen tissue
sections for TCR, recognizing foreign or self-derived epitopes on those
complexes loaded with selected (e.g., bacterial) peptides. Identification of
arthritogenic peptides and a further understanding of the immunology of the
pathomechanisms in SpA might open ways to design new peptide vaccines to
prevent inflammation, autoimmunity, and other diseases by early intervention
[100]. N. Ref:: 100
----------------------------------------------------
[104]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Monitoring
xenotransplant recipients for infection by PERV.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Biochem 2001 Feb;34(1):23-7.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Herring C; Cunningham DA; Whittam AJ;
Fernandez-Suarez XM; Langford GA
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Research
Group, Imutran Ltd (A Novartis Pharma AG Co), PO Box 399, CB2 2YP, Cambridge,
UK. Chris.herring@pharma.novartis.com
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - OBJECTIVES: Concerns have been raised over
the possibility of transmission of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) to
porcine xenograft recipients. METHODS: To help assess this risk, diagnostic
assays capable of detection of an active, latent or cleared PERV infection, and
the presence of pig cell microchimerism have been developed by a number of
groups. Retrospective studies of patients exposed to living pig tissues have
been performed using these assays to look for evidence of cross species
transmission. RESULTS: To date no evidence of PERV infection has been found in
studies of humans exposed to pig tissues, despite evidence of long lived
microchimerism. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that PERV infection has not
occurred in a clinical setting. However, as infection has been seen in a small animal
model further investigation of the risk from PERV is warranted. N. Ref:: 24
----------------------------------------------------
[105]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Cardiac infections in
the immunosuppressed patient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Infect Dis Clin North Am 2001
Jun;15(2):613-38, xi.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Brusch JL
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease
Service, Cambridge Hospital, Massachusetts, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - This article presents the various
manifestations of cardiac infections found in the immunosuppressed host.
Emphasis is placed on the correlation between specific impairments of host
defenses and the occurrence of certain types of pathogens. The effect of
immunosuppression on the clinical manifestations of these infections is
discussed. Finally, appropriate diagnostic modalities are presented for the
major types of infections. N.
Ref:: 181
----------------------------------------------------
[106]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Infectious etiology of
bronchiolitis obliterans: the respiratory viruses connection - myth or reality?
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Am J Transplant 2003 Mar;3(3):245-9.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Vilchez RA; Dauber J; Kusne S
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Departments ofaMedicine and Surgery,
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation
Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - A variety of viruses, such as the
influenza viruses A and B, the human respiratory syncytial virus, the
parainfluenza viruses, and the adenoviruses, cause seasonal respiratory tract
infections in young children and adults. Also, studies indicate that these
viruses are an important group of pathogens in pediatric and adult lung
transplant recipients. More importantly, accumulating data on these infections
among lung transplant patients suggest that these illnesses may have immediate
and long-term implications for the function of the transplanted lung, including
the development of bronchiolitis obliterans. This is important because patient
survival and allograft function in lung transplantation remain limited by the
development of bronchiolitis obliterans. Models of lung transplantation
indicate that respiratory viral infections cause acute and chronic airway
damage after transplantation. The mechanism leading to allograft damage by
respiratory viruses may be related to the production of alloreactive cytokines
such as interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor, IL-6 and IL-8 during viral
replication. Current clinical data are suggestive of a possible role for
respiratory viruses in the development of bronchiolitis obliterans, but further
control studies are required to evaluate the significance of respiratory virus
infections as a causal factor in the development of bronchiolitis obliterans in
lung transplantation. N.
Ref:: 48
----------------------------------------------------
[107]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Development of
immunocompetence: role of micronutrients and microorganisms.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Nutr Rev 2002 May;60(5 Pt 2):S68-72.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Cunningham-Rundles S; Ahrn S;
Abuav-Nussbaum R; Dnistrian A
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Pediatrics, Cornell
University Weill Medical College, NY, NY, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Normal maturation of immune response at
birth is both supported and stimulated by the gastrointestinal
microenvironment, which provides both nutrients and antigenic microbial
exposure to the developing child. Micronutrients, trace elements, and vitamins
are present in the local environment and have important regulatory effects on
adaptive immune cell function through effects on type of cytokine response.
Congenital HIV infection is critically affected by both nutrient imbalance and
alteration in gastrointestinal microflora, which may impair growth and development
as well as immune response. Studies described here indicate that micronutrient
deficiency is common in congenital HIV exposure even where infection has not
occurred and that gastrointestinal recolonization may exert a restorative
effect on both immune response and growth in children with HIV infection. N. Ref:: 46
----------------------------------------------------
[108]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Bacillus cereus
bacteremia and meningitis in immunocompromised children.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Infect Dis 2001 May
15;32(10):1456-62. Epub 2001 Apr 20.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Gaur AH; Patrick CC; McCullers JA; Flynn
PM; Pearson TA; Razzouk BI; Thompson SJ; Shenep JL
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Infectious Diseases, St.
Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Two cases of Bacillus cereus meningitis in
immunocompromised children at our hospital within a 2-month period prompted us
to review B. cereus—related invasive disease. We identified 12 patients with B.
cereus isolated in blood cultures from September 1988 through August 2000 at
our institution. Three of these patients also had B. cereus isolated from CSF
specimens; 1 additional patient had possible CNS involvement (33%, group A),
whereas 8 patients had no evidence of CNS involvement (67%, group B). Patients
in group A were more likely to have neutropenia at the onset of sepsis and were
more likely to have an unfavorable outcome. They were also more likely to have
received intrathecal chemotherapy in the week before the onset of their
illness. Two patients from group A died. One survived with severe sequelae. The
fourth patient had mild sequelae at follow-up. No sequelae or deaths occurred
among patients in group B. In patients with unfavorable outcomes, the interval
from the time of recognition of illness to irreversible damage or death was
short, which demonstrates a need for increased awareness, early diagnosis, and
more-effective therapy, particularly that which addresses B. cereus toxins. N. Ref:: 6
----------------------------------------------------
[109]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Diagnosis and
management of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid-organ
transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Infect Dis 2001 Jul 1;33 Suppl
1:S38-46.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Preiksaitis JK; Keay S
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Infectious Diseases,
Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. jkp@bugs.uah.ualberta.ca
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has a pivotal
pathophysiologic role in the development of most lymphoproliferative disorders
that occur after solid-organ transplantation. The term “EBV-associated
posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder” (PTLD) includes all clinical
syndromes of EBV-associated lymphoproliferation, ranging from uncomplicated
posttransplant infectious mononucleosis to true malignancies that contain
clonal chromosomal abnormalities. PTLDs are historically associated with a high
mortality rate in patients who have a monoclonal form of the disorder. Recently
described approaches to pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive
strategies of PTLD, however, have the potential to improve outcome. N. Ref:: 104
----------------------------------------------------
[110]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Association between
nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage and infection in
liver transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Liver Transpl 2001 Aug;7(8):752-4.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1053/jlts.2001.0070752
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Patel R
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester,
MN 55905, USA. N.
Ref:: 18
----------------------------------------------------
[111]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Polyomavirus BK
nephropathy: a (re-)emerging complication in renal transplantation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Am J Transplant 2002 Jan;2(1):25-30.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Hirsch HH
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Internal Medicine,
University of Basel, Switzerland. hans.hirsch@unibas.ch
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Persisting polyomavirus replication is now
widely recognized as a (re-)emerging cause of renal allograft dysfunction. Up
to 5% of renal allograft recipients can be affected about 40weeks (range 6-150)
post-transplantation. Progression to irreversible failure of the allograft has
been observed in up to 45% of all cases. The BK virus strain is involved in the
majority of the cases. Risk factors may include treatment of rejection episodes
and increasing viral replication under potent immunosuppressive drugs such as
tacrolimus, sirolimus or mycophenolate. The diagnosis requires the histological
demonstration of nuclear polyomavirus inclusions in affected tubular epithelial
cells. Interstitial inflammatory infiltrates and fibrosis become more prominent
in the persisting disease and may be difficult to distinguish from (coexisting)
rejection. Detection of polyomavirus-inclusion bearing cells (‘decoy cells’) in
the urine and quantification of BK virus DNA in the plasma have been proposed
as surrogate markers for polyomavirus replication and allograft disease,
respectively. Antiviral treatment is not yet established; however, reports of
treatment with cidofovir are encouraging. Current management aims at the
judicious modification and/or reduction of immunosuppression which, in view of
preceding or concurrent rejection, is not without risk. N. Ref:: 51
----------------------------------------------------
[112]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Human herpesviruses 6
and 7 in solid organ transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Infect Dis 2001 May 1;32(9):1357-60.
Epub 2001 Apr 10.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Emery VC
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Royal Free and University College Medical
School, Hampstead, London, United Kingdom. v.emery@rfc.ucl.ac.uk
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The impact of cytomegalovirus, a member of
the beta-herpesvirus subgroup of the Herpesviridae, on patients who have
undergone transplantation cannot be overstated. However, in the last 15 years,
2 additional members of the human beta-herpesvirus family have been discovered:
human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7). The impact of HHV-6 and HHV-7 is
assessed, as is the well-being of transplant recipients. Also discussed is
whether the data on the pathological consequences of infection warrant routine
screening for these viruses in solid organ transplant recipients. N. Ref:: 30
----------------------------------------------------
[113]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Comparative
pathogenesis of HBV and HCV.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Virus Res 2002 Jan 30;82(1-2):19-23.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Missale G; Penna A; Boni C; Malpeli M;
Zerbini A; Pilli M; Urbani S; Ferrari C
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Divisione di Malattie Infettive, Azienda
Ospedaliera di Parma, Italy. missale@tin.it N. Ref:: 22
----------------------------------------------------
[114]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Rhodococcus equi
infections in immunocompetent hosts: case report and review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Infect Dis 2001 Feb 1;32(3):E39-46.
Epub 2001 Jan 24.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Kedlaya I; Ing MB; Wong SS
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Internal Medicine, Loma
Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA. IKedlaya@yahoo.com
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Rhodococcus equi is an unusual cause of
infection in humans. Infection in immunocompetent patients is extremely
rare-only 19 cases in immunocompetent hosts have been reported. Localized
infections represent nearly 50% of reported cases. Pulmonary infections account
for only 42% of infections in immunocompetent hosts, compared with 84% of
infections in immunocompromised hosts. The mortality rate among immunocompetent
patients is approximately 11%, compared with rates of 50%-55% among human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and 20%-25% among
non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patients. Treatment of infections in
immunocompetent hosts depends on the site of infection. Serious infections need
to be treated with combinations of parenteral antibiotics, followed by
combinations of oral antibiotics. Surgical treatment is necessary for certain
types of local infections. We report a pulmonary infection due to R. equi in an
immunocompetent patient, and we review all reported cases of R. equi infection
in immunocompetent hosts. N.
Ref:: 30
----------------------------------------------------
[115]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Chromomycosis due to
Exophiala jeanselmei in a renal transplant recipient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Eur J Dermatol 2003 May-Jun;13(3):305-7.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Pena-Penabad C; Duran MT; Yebra MT;
Rodriguez-Lozano J; Vieira V; Fonseca E
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Dermatology, Complejo
Hospitalario Juan Canalejo, Servicio de Dermatologia, Xubias de Arriba, 84,
15006. a Coruna, España.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Chromomycosis is a rare mycotic infection
that is more frequent in tropical and subtropical regions. Dematiaceous fungi
are the causal agents of this mycosis. Several cases of chromomycosis in organ
transplant recipients have been reported. We present a case of chromomycosis by
Exophiala jeanselmei in a Spanish male who had received a renal transplant
several months previously, and was receiving treatment with tacrolimus,
prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil. Very few cases of chromomycosis due to
Exophiala have been reported, and this is, to our knowledge, the first European
case. N. Ref:: 16
----------------------------------------------------
[116]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Cancer processes in
immunodeficient populations: an introduction.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Eur J Cancer 2001 Jul;37(10):1202-8.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Boshoff C; Weiss R
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research,
Cruciform Building, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK. c.boshoff@ucl.ac.uk N. Ref:: 41
----------------------------------------------------
[117]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Rhino-orbitocerebral
mucormycosis attributable to Apophysomyces elegans in an immunocompetent
individual: case report and review of the literature.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Trauma 2001 Feb;50(2):353-7.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Garcia-Covarrubias L; Bartlett R; Barratt
DM; Wassermann RJ
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Hyperbaric Medicine,
University of South Carolina-Palmetto Richland Memorial Hospital, 2 Richland
Medical Park, Suite 300, Columbia, SC 29203, USA. N. Ref:: 33
----------------------------------------------------
[118]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Pseudomonas
pericarditis in an immunocompetent newborn: unusual presentation with review of
the literature.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Infect 2002 Jan;44(1):49-51.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1053/jinf.2001.0894
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - El Hassan N; Dbaibo G; Diab K; Musallam S;
Haidar R; Obeid M; Bitar F
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Paediatrics, American
University of Beirut, Medical Center, Lebanon.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Acute purulent pericarditis is a rare
entity in the neonatal age group. The most common isolated organisms are
Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Other organisms, like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been seldom implicated with
only one case of Pseudomonas pericarditis reported in the neonatal period. The
prognosis is often considered very poor in this age group. This article
describes Pseudomonas pericarditis in a 1-week-old immunocompetent female
newborn who was successfully managed with combined medical and surgical
therapy. N. Ref:: 7
----------------------------------------------------
[119]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - The paradox of survival
results after heart transplantation for cardiomyopathy caused by Trypanosoma
cruzi. First Guidelines Group for Heart Transplantation of the Brazilian
Society of Cardiology.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Ann Thorac Surg 2001 Jun;71(6):1833-8.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Bocchi EA; Fiorelli A
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Brazilian Society of Cardiology, Sao
Paulo. dcledimar@incor.usp.br
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - BACKGROUND: Donor supply limits heart
transplantation (HT) and relative priority should be given to cases with
greater chances of success. The objectives of this multicenter study were (1)
to determine the survival rate after heart transplantation for patients with
Chagas’ heart disease (ChHD) in comparison with other causes; and (2) to
identify the causes of death specifically due to reactivation of the
Trypanosoma cruzi infection. METHODS: We studied 720 patients who had undergone
orthotopic heart transplantation and were followed in 16 heart transplantation
centers. The etiology was idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in 407 patients,
ischemic cardiomyopathy in 196 patients, and ChHD in 117 patients. RESULTS:
Follow-up was 2.87 +/- 3.05 years (from 1 month to 13.85 years). Survival of
ischemic recipients at 1, 4, 8, and 12 years was 59%, 44%, 34%, and 22%,
respectively; for idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy it was 69%, 57%, 40%, and
32%; and for ChHD it was 71%, 57%, 55%, and 46% (p < 0.027). In ischemic
recipients the most frequent causes of death were infection (15.3%), acute
graft failure (13.3%), and graft coronary artery disease/sudden death (7.7%).
In idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy the causes were infection (11.1%),
rejection (9.6%), and acute graft failure (9.1%). In ChHD the causes were
infection (10.3%), rejection (10.3%), and neoplasm (4.3%). In ChHD,
reactivation of the cruzi infection was the cause of death in 2 patients.
CONCLUSIONS: The survival results after heart transplantation are paradoxical
according to the usually high expected death rates for Chagas’ disease. Heart
transplantation for ChHD should be regarded as a valuable treatment option.
----------------------------------------------------
[120]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Subversion of the
innate immune response by micro-organisms.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Ann Rheum Dis 2002 Nov;61 Suppl 2:ii8-12.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Fernie-King B; Seilly DJ; Davies A;
Lachmann PJ
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Microbial Immunology Group, Centre for
Veterinary Science, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3
0ES, UK. N. Ref:: 12
----------------------------------------------------
[121]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Hijacking and
exploitation of IL-10 by intracellular pathogens.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Trends Microbiol 2001 Feb;9(2):86-92.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Redpath S; Ghazal P; Gascoigne NR
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Dept of Immunology, The Scripps Research
Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Macrophages play a central role in
infections, as a target for pathogens and in activation of the immune system.
Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine produced by macrophages, is a potent
immunosuppressive factor. Some intracellular pathogens specifically target
macrophages for infection and use IL-10 to dampen the host immune response and
stall their elimination from the host. Certain viruses induce production of
cellular IL-10 by macrophages, whereas other viruses encode their own viral
IL-10 homologs. Additionally, specific bacteria, including several Mycobacteria
spp. and Listeria monocytogenes, can survive and replicate in macrophages while
inducing cellular IL-10, highlighting a potential role for IL-10 of macrophage
origin in the immunosuppressive etiology of these pathogens. Thus, the
exploitation of IL-10 appears to be a common mechanism of immunosuppression by
a diverse group of intracellular pathogens that can infect macrophages. N. Ref:: 51
----------------------------------------------------
[122]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Bilateral
microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in an immunocompetent non-contact lens
wearer.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Cornea 2003 May;22(4):374-6.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Lewis NL; Francis IC; Hawkins GS; Coroneo
MT
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Opthalmology, The Prince of
Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney. nonilewis@infolearn.com.au
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - PURPOSE: To describe an immunocompetent
male with bilateral microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis who responded to
treatment with albendazole, propamidine, and fumagillin. METHODS: Corneal and
conjunctival epithelial scrapings from a man with bilateral
keratoconjunctivitis previously treated with topical corticosteroids were
evaluated by Gram stain and by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: Gram stain and
fluorescence microscopy of corneal epithelial scraping revealed organisms
characteristic of microsporidia. Results of human immunodeficiency virus
antibody testing were reported as nonreactive. Symptoms of ocular discomfort
and clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis resolved after five weeks of
treatment that included systemic albendazole and topical propamidine
isethionate 0.1% and fumagillin bicyclohexylammonium salt. A follow-up
conjunctival scraping failed to detect any residual organisms 2 weeks after
cessation of all treatment. CONCLUSION: Microsporidial ocular infection
occurred in an immunocompetent non-contact lens wearer. Microsporidial
keratoconjunctivitis should be considered in any individual with atypical
multifocal diffuse epithelial keratitis, regardless of immune status or recent
history of contact lens wear. N.
Ref:: 29
----------------------------------------------------
[123]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Cryptococcosis in organ
transplant recipients: an overview.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Am J Transplant 2002 Aug;2(7):575-80.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Vilchez RA; Fung J; Kusne S
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medicine, University of
Pittsburgh Medical Center, and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, PA
15213, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Cryptococcosis is the third most common
invasive fungal infection in organ transplant recipients after candidiasis and
aspergillosis. Reports indicate that cryptococcosis usually presents as
symptomatic disease, and despite therapy the mortality remains high. In
addition, some data suggest that there might be differences in the incidence
and clinical manifestations of cryptococcosis, depending on the specific
transplant organ. The incidence of cryptococcosis in our transplant center is significantly
higher in heart transplant recipients than in other transplant groups
(p=0.0001). Although the primary risk factor contributing to cryptococcosis in
organ transplant recipients is probably the immunosuppressive therapy used to
prevent allograft rejection, environmental factors may also play a role. This
is indicated by studies that demonstrate differences in the rate of
cryptococcosis according to geographic region. Moreover, data point out
differences in the isolation of the fungus from soil samples with higher
concentrations of Cryptococcus in areas frequented by birds or contaminated by
bird droppings. Therefore, it is prudent to recommend that organ transplant
recipients avoid birds or areas contaminated with bird droppings. The current
review provides an overview of the changes in the incidence, clinical
manifestations, and management of cryptococcosis in organ transplant
recipients. N. Ref:: 45
----------------------------------------------------
[124]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Olecranon bursitis due
to Candida parapsilosis in an immunocompetent adult.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Ann Rheum Dis 2002 Mar;61(3):279-81.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Jimenez-Palop M; Corteguera M; Ibanez R;
Serrano-Heranz R N.
Ref:: 12
----------------------------------------------------
[125]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Implications of
Salmonella-induced nitric oxide (NO) for host defense and vaccines: NO, an
antimicrobial, antitumor, immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory molecule.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Microbes Infect 2001 Nov-Dec;3(14-15):1223-31.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Eisenstein TK
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
and Center for Substance Abuse Research, 3400 North Broad Street, Temple
University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA. tke@astro.temple.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Attenuated Salmonella induce
immunosuppressive, microbicidal and tumoricidal macrophages in mice. All three
effects are mediated by activated macrophages producing nitric oxide (NO). NO
is induced by the innate immune response pathway involving IL-12, NK cells and
IFN-gamma in response to infection. NO has beneficial and detrimental effects
on the host. N.
Ref:: 73
----------------------------------------------------
[126]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Xenotransplantation and
pig endogenous retroviruses.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Rev Med Virol 2003 Sep-Oct;13(5):311-29.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1002/rmv.404
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Magre S; Takeuchi Y; Bartosch B
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Wohl Virion Centre, The Windeyer Institute
of Medical Sciences, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T
4JF, UK.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Xenotransplantation, in particular
transplantation of pig cells, tissues and organs into human patients, may
alleviate the current shortage of suitable allografts available for human
transplantation. This overview addresses the physiological, immunological and
virological factors considered with regard to xenotransplantation. Among the
issues reviewed are the merits of using pigs as xenograft source species, the
compatibility of pig and human organ physiology and the immunological
hindrances with regard to the various types of rejection and attempts at
abrogating rejection. Advances in the prevention of pig organ rejection by
creating genetically modified pigs that are more suited to the human
microenvironment are also discussed. Finally, with regard to virology, possible
zoonotic infections emanating from pigs are reviewed, with special emphasis on
the pig endogenous retrovirus (PERV). An in depth account of PERV studies,
comprising their discovery as well as recent knowledge of the virus, is given.
To date, all retrospective studies on patients with pig xenografts have shown
no evidence of PERV transmission, however, many factors make us interpret these
results with caution. Although the lack of PERV infection in xenograft
recipients up to now is encouraging, more basic research and controlled animal
studies that mimic the pig to human xenotransplantation setting more closely
are required for safety assessment. N.
Ref:: 194
----------------------------------------------------
[127]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Immune evasion
mechanisms of varicella-zoster virus.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Arch Virol Suppl 2001;(17):99-107.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Abendroth A; Arvin A
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Stanford University School of Medicine,
California 94305, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Varicella-zoster virus can to modulate the
expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.
MHC class I expression is downregulated in VZV-infected T cells as well as in
fibroblasts. VZV-infected cells do not respond to exposure to interferon-gamma
(IFN-gamma) by upregulation of MHC class II expression. However, MHC class II
expression is induced when cells are treated with IFN-gamma before VZV
infection. These effects on MHC class I and class II expression can be expected
to interfere transiently with adaptive immune responses of the host, mediated
by CD4 and CD8 T cells, ensuring that the virus has sufficient opportunity for
transmission to susceptible contracts. N.
Ref:: 43
----------------------------------------------------
[128]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Epstein-Barr
virus-associated smooth muscle tumour: a distinctive mesenchymal tumour of
immunocompromised individuals.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Pathology 2002 Jun;34(3):245-9.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1080/00313020220131309
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Cheuk W; Li PC; Chan JK
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Pathology and Medicine,
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong. cheuk_wah@hotmail.com
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - immunosuppressed patients are predisposed
to the development of smooth muscle tumours which show near consistent
association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This report describes a 37-year-old
patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who initially presented with
two masses in the liver. Image-guided core biopsy revealed a spindle cell
tumour with histological and immunological features of smooth muscle neoplasm
which was shown by in situ hybridisation for EBV early RNAs to be
EBV-associated. The literature on this uncommon entity is critically reviewed
and the differential diagnosis is also discussed. N. Ref:: 43
----------------------------------------------------
[129]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Fatal myocardial
aspergillosis in an immunosuppressed child.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001
Oct;23(7):456-9.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Ozsahin H; Wacker P; Brundler MA; Starobinski
M; Helg C; Pastore Y; Miralbell R; Hanquinet S; Gervaix A; Chapuis B; Humbert J
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Pediatrics, University
Cantonal Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland. ayse.h.ozsahin@hcuge.ch
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - A girl with resistant acute myeloid
leukemia (AML) had a stem cell transplantation. Preceding transplantation, she
had recurrent pneumonitis. No causative agent was identified. Despite several
antibiotics including high-dose liposomal amphotericin-B, pulmonary infection
progressed. Aspergillosis, always considered, could not be documented. She died
from cardiac arrest on the second day after transplantation, with no
forewarning of previous heart disease. Pericardial and myocardial aspergillosis
was an autopsy finding. Pericardial and myocardial aspergillosis, rare
manifestations of systemic aspergillosis, should be considered in any
immunocompromised patient with long-lasting pulmonary infection, even in the
absence of specific cardiac findings. N.
Ref:: 10
----------------------------------------------------
[130]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Function of CMV-encoded
MHC class I homologues.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
2002;269:131-51.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Farrell HE; Davis-Poynter NJ; Andrews DM;
Degli-Esposti MA
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Animal Health Trust, Virology Section,
Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Homologues of MHC class I proteins have
been identified in the genomes of human, murine and rat cytomegaloviruses
(CMVs). Given the pivotal role of the MHC class I protein in cellular immunity,
it has been postulated that the viral homologues subvert the normal antiviral
immune response of the host, thus promoting virus replication and dissemination
in an otherwise hostile environment. This review focuses on recent studies of
the CMV MHC class I homologues at the molecular, cellular and whole animal
level and presents current hypotheses for their roles in the CMV life cycle. N. Ref:: 90
----------------------------------------------------
[131]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Transduction of
MHC-class I negative allogeneic cell line to improve the efficacy of anti-tumor
vaccination.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2002
Jul-Sep;16(3):236-40.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Curti A; Colombo MP; Baccarani M; Lemoli
RM
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Institute of Hematology and Clinical
Oncology “Seragnoli”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. acurti@alnia.unibo.it N. Ref:: 27
----------------------------------------------------
[132]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Repression of MHC
determinants in HIV infection.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Microbes Infect 2001 May;3(6):467-73.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Kanazawa S; Matija Peterlin B
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes
Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
94143-0703, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - HIV infects CD4(+) macrophages and
lymphocytes. Before the development of AIDS, HIV weakens the immune system in
part by blocking antigen processing and presentation via major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. In this report, we discuss how HIV
escapes the immune surveillance by MHC II molecules. N. Ref:: 72
----------------------------------------------------
[133]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Infectious and immune
factors in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders: epidemiology,
hypotheses, and animal models.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev
2001;7(3):200-10.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1002/mrdd.1028 [pii]
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Hornig M; Lipkin WI
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Emerging Diseases Laboratory, Gillespie
Neuroscience Research Facility, University of California, Irvine, California
92697-4292, USA. mhornig@uci.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Both genetic and environmental factors
contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide variety of neurodevelopmental
disorders, including autism, mental retardation, and schizophrenia. Some
heritable disorders approach 100% penetrance; nonetheless, even in these
disorders, subtle aspects of clinical disease expression may be influenced by
the environment. In other disorders with genetic influences, exogenous factors,
and the timepoint(s) during nervous system development at which they are
introduced, modulate expression of disease. Elucidation of the mechanisms
guiding this intricate interplay between host response genes, environmental
agents, and the neurodevelopmental context within which these interactions
occur, is necessary to understand the continuum of clinical outcomes. This
chapter will review the evidence that infectious and immune factors may
contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, describe an
animal model of neurodevelopmental disorders based upon viral infection,
identify processes by which neural circuitry may be compromised, and outline
areas for future research. N.
Ref:: 155
----------------------------------------------------
[134]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Immune downregulation
leads to upregulation of an antiviral response: a lesson from the hepatitis B
virus.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Microbes Infect 2002 Nov;4(13):1317-26.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Ilan Y
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hebrew
University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. ilan@hadassah.org.il
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Induction of tolerance towards antigens
that drive susceptibility or pathology may be considered a new mode of
treatment for several infections. Hepatitis B virus is a non-cytopathic virus,
and oral immune regulation was shown to be effective in modulation of the
immune-mediated liver injury. N.
Ref:: 67
----------------------------------------------------
[135]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Selection of and
evasion from cytotoxic T cell responses in the central nervous system.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Adv Virus Res 2001;56:219-42.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Perlman S; Wu GF
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Departments of Pediatrics and
Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. N. Ref:: 104
----------------------------------------------------
[136]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Gastrointestinal
infections in the immunocompromised host.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Infect Dis Clin North Am 2001
Jun;15(2):639-70, xi.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Baden LR; Maguire JH
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. lbaden@partners.org
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Gastrointestinal disease is a significant
cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised patient. This article
focuses on the infectious gastrointestinal complications associated with the
treatment of malignant disease and with solid organ transplantation but not
HIV. Gastrointestinal defenses and the various mechanisms by which they are
impaired are reviewed. The major pathogens and malignancies of this patient
population and an approach to their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention are
discussed. N. Ref:: 150
----------------------------------------------------
[137]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Dermatologic infections
in the immunocompromised (non-HIV) host.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Infect Dis Clin North Am 2001
Jun;15(2):671-702, xi.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Lopez FA; Sanders CV
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medicine, Louisiana State
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. alopez1@lsuhsc.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The immunocompromised host’s
susceptibility to infections often present a difficult diagnostic challenge to
the physician. A working knowledge of the host immune defenses and
microbiologic complications that can occur when these functions are compromised
provides a more focused framework for further evaluation and management.
Infections in these patients are often morbid and life-threatening, creating an
urgent need for prompt diagnosis. The skin may manifest the first clue(s) of a
serious underlying infection. Appropriate workup and diagnosis of cutaneous
lesions provide an expeditious, noninvasive, and potentially life-saving
approach to the immunocompromised host with a dermatologic infection. N. Ref:: 143
----------------------------------------------------
[138]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Innate immunity in
host-microbial interactions: beyond B27 in the spondyloarthropathies.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Opin Rheumatol 2002 Jul;14(4):373-82.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Pacheco-Tena C; Zhang X; Stone M;
Burgos-Vargas R; Inman RD
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Arthritis Center of Excellence, Toronto
Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. pacheco@medscape.com
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The spondyloarthropathies are diseases
influenced by genetic predisposition and, to a varying extent, infectious
triggers. A causal role for bacterial infections is most clear for reactive
arthritis. Recent insights into arthritogenic components of bacteria may set
the stage for a better understanding of disease pathogenesis, the role of heat
shock proteins in antigen processing and immune activation, and the adjuvant
effect of CpG-DNA. Recent developments in the area of innate immunity broaden
current concepts of genetically defined factors in host-pathogen interactions.
In particular, the biology of toll-like receptors as important elements in the
innate immune response to pathogens is being defined. These factors in innate
immunity may have important implications for sequelae of infections, such as
reactive arthritis. N.
Ref:: 113
----------------------------------------------------
[139]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Association of human
leukocyte antigen with outcomes of infectious diseases: the streptococcal
experience.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Scand J Infect Dis 2003;35(9):665-9.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Kotb M; Norrby-Teglund A; McGeer A; Green
K; Low DE
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research
Service, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA. mkotb@utmem.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The role of host genetic factors in
determining susceptibility to infections has become more evident. Certain
individuals appear to be predisposed to certain infections, whereas others are
protected. By studying the immune response and the genetic makeup of
susceptible and resistant individuals a better understanding of the disease
process can be achieved. Infections caused by group A streptococci offer an
excellent model to study host-pathogen interactions and how the host genetic
variation can influence the infection outcome. These studies showed that the
same clone of these bacteria can cause severe or non-severe invasive disease.
This difference was largely related to the human leukocyte antigen class 11
type of the patient. Certain class II haplotypes present the streptococcal
superantigens in a way that results in responses, whereas others present the
same superantigens in a way that elicits very potent inflammatory responses
that can lead to organ failure and shock. These findings underscore the role of
host genetic factors in determining the outcome of serious infections and
warrants further investigations into how the same or different genetic factors
affect susceptibility to other emerging and re-emerging pathogens. N. Ref:: 29
----------------------------------------------------
[140]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Thalidomide-based
treatment for HIV-associated multiple myeloma: a case report.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - AIDS Read 2003 Aug;13(8):383-9.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Aboulafia DM
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Hematology, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The spectrum of hematologic and
immunologic abnormalities induced by HIV infection is broad. Although the
incidence of HIV-associated B-cell neoplasms has increased, relatively few
cases of multiple myeloma have been reported, and even fewer cases have
detailed treatment outcome. The case of an HIV-infected man in whom multiple
myeloma was diagnosed following progressive anemia and fatigue is described.
The patient began treatment consisting of thalidomide, dexamethasone, and
clarithromycin, which led to a rapid and dramatic antitumor response. He
experienced modest regimen-related toxicities while retaining a normal CD4+
T-lymphocyte count and a nondetectable HIV viral load. The immunologic and
antitumor effects of thalidomide in the context of multiple myeloma and HIV
infection are also briefly reviewed. Given thalidomide’s relatively favorable
side-effect profile and purported immunologic benefit, further studies of this
drug in the treatment of HIV-associated multiple myeloma should be pursued. N. Ref:: 50
----------------------------------------------------
[141]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Constrictive
pericarditis caused by candida glabrata in an immunocompetent patient: case
report and review of literature.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Scand J Infect Dis 2002;34(8):615-9.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Neughebauer B; Alvarez V; Harb T; Keefer M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Infectious Diseases,
University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Candida pericarditis is a rare disease
described mostly in patients with recent cardiothoracic surgery or debilitating
chronic diseases and is generally considered to be associated with high
mortality. To our knowledge, we report the first case of Candida pericarditis
in a healthy host who had not undergone thoracic surgery and the first
documented case and cure of pericarditis caused by C. glabrata. The most
probable underlying factor in the development of this pericarditis was the
abdominal surgery the patient underwent to correct a gastrogastric fistula,
without an intraabdominal leak, which developed 10 y after surgical gastric
stapling for weight reduction. The literature on Candida pericarditis is
reviewed. If Candida pericarditis is diagnosed early and treated with a combined
medical and surgical approach, the prognosis today is much more favorable than
that previously reported. N.
Ref:: 25
----------------------------------------------------
[142]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Use of cytomegalovirus
immune globulin and ganciclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease
in lung transplantation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Transpl Infect Dis 2001;3 Suppl 2:49-56.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Zamora MR
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Pulmonary Sciences and
Critical Care Medicine, Lung Transplant Program, University of Colorado Health
Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA. marty.zamora@uchsc.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and
disease continue to be significant causes of morbidity and mortality in lung
transplant recipients. The potential benefits of CMV prophylaxis extend beyond
prevention of the immediate CMV infection to potentially preventing
CMV-associated complications, including superinfection due to Aspergillus bacteria,
and other opportunistic infections, and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome
(BOS). Longer courses of prophylactic intravenous (IV) ganciclovir, sequential
IV/oral therapy, addition of intravenous CMV immune globulin (CMV-IGIV),
surveillance tests, and investigation of the role of hypogammaglobulinemia are
a few of the strategies and issues being evaluated to improve CMV prophylaxis
and, consequently, graft and patient survival.
N. Ref:: 26
----------------------------------------------------
[143]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Adeno-associated virus
(AAV) as a vehicle for therapeutic gene delivery: improvements in vector design
and viral production enhance potential to prolong graft survival in pancreatic
islet cell transplantation for the reversal of type 1 diabetes.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Curr Mol Med 2001 May;1(2):245-58.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Kapturczak MH; Flotte T; Atkinson MA
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medicine, University of
Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Most viral gene delivery syslems utilized
to date have demonstrated significant limitations in practicality and safety
due to the level and duration of recombinant transgene expression as well as
their induction of host immunogenicity to vector proteins. Recombinant
adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors appear to offer a vehicle for safe,
long-term therapeutic gene transfer; factors afforded through the propensity of
rAAV to establish long-term latency without deleterious effects on the host
cell and the relative non-immunogenicity of the virus or viral expressed
transgenes. The principal historical limitation of this vector system,
efficiency of rAAV-mediated transduction, has recently observed a dramatic
increase as the titer, purity, and production capacity of rAAV preparations
have improved. In terms of systems that could benefit from such improvements,
rAAV gene therapy to enhance solid organ transplantation would appear an
obvious choice with islet transplantation forming a promising candidate due to
the ability to perform viral transductions ex vivo. Currently, islet
transplantation can be used to treat type 1 diabetes yet persisting alloimmune
and autoimmune responses represent major obstacles to the clinical success for
this procedure. The delivery of transgenes capable of interfering with
antigenic recognition and/or cell death [e.g., Fas ligand (FasL), Bcl-2,
Bcl-XL] as well as imparting tolerance/immunoregulation [e.g.,
interleukin(IL)-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta], or
cytoprotection [e.g., heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), catalase, manganese superoxide
dismutase (MnSOD)] may prevent recurrent type 1 diabetes in islet
transplantation and offer a promising form of immunotherapy. Research
investigations utilizing such systems may also provide information vital to
understanding the immunoregulatory mechanisms critical to the development of
both alloimmune and autoimmune islet cell rejection mechanisms and recurrent
type 1 diabetes. N.
Ref:: 164
----------------------------------------------------
[144]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Successful treatment of
Staphylococcus aureus bacterial endocarditis in a renal transplant recipient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Transpl Infect Dis 2003 Sep;5(3):144-6.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - D’Cunha PT; Davenport DS; Fisher KA
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medicine, Division of
Nephrology and Hypertension, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202,
USA. pdcunha1@hfhs.org
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - We report the successful treatment of
Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in a renal transplant recipient with
preservation of his renal allograft. A 44-year-old man presented to the
emergency room with sudden onset of fevers and rigors 7 weeks after renal
transplantation. Infective endocarditis was diagnosed by Duke’s Criteria
(Durack et al. New criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Am J
Med 1994: 96: 200-209) with multiple positive blood cultures for S. aureus and
a mitral valve vegetation on transesophageal echocardiogram. He was treated
with intravenous antibiotics for 6 weeks with continuation of his
immunosuppression. He has remained clinically stable for over 5 years. Although
the treatment of S. aureus endocarditis in immunosuppressed transplant patients
has traditionally resulted in loss of their allograft, prompt diagnosis and
appropriate antibiotics with continued immunosuppressive therapy resulted in a
successful outcome and allograft preservation in this case. N. Ref:: 14
----------------------------------------------------
[145]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Current management
strategies for the prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in
pediatric transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Paediatr Drugs 2002;4(5):279-90.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Bueno J; Ramil C; Green M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Pediatric Transplantation Unit, Juan
Canalejo Hospital, A Coruna, España. jbueno@canalejo.org
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a significant
cause of morbidity and mortality following transplantation, especially in the
pediatric population, who remain at high risk of primary infection. The
availability of effective antiviral therapy has led to dramatic improvements in
the outcome of CMV infection in patients undergoing transplantation. In recent
years, three major strategies have been developed for the prevention of CMV
disease in this population: reduction of risk of viral acquisition or
reactivation by management of risk factors; prophylaxis of all ‘at-risk’
patients using prophylactic strategies for a defined period of time, initiated
at or near the time of transplant; and pre-emptive treatment with ganciclovir
of selected ‘at-risk’ patients, guided by either laboratory markers indicative
of subclinical infection or the presence of specific risk factors. In general,
well designed comparative studies of one or more antiviral agents for the
prevention of CMV have not been carried out. While ganciclovir appears to be
more effective than aciclovir, its tolerability profile is less optimal. The
use of foscarnet avoids myelosuppresions, but is associated with significant
nephrotoxicity. Its use should be reserved for patients unable to tolerate
ganciclovir or with ganciclovir-resistant CMV disease. Similar to foscarnet,
the high frequency of nephrotoxicity associated with the use of cidofovir
limits its use to clinical scenarios suggestive of ganciclovir resistance.
Newer options, such as valaciclovir and valganciclovir, are currently under
investigation and preliminary experience has been promising. Finally, passive
immunoprophylaxis has been shown to prevent CMV disease after solid organ
transplantation, but its use in bone marrow transplantation is controversial.
Essentially, pre-emptive strategies have relied on the quantitation in the
peripheral blood of CMV phosphoprotein pp65 antigen and/or the polymerase chain
reaction assay. Strict guidelines for the use of those assays as a guide to
pre-emptive therapy have not been standardized. Prospective trials comparing
pre-emptive therapy using either intravenous or oral ganciclovir, and now oral
valganciclovir or valaciclovir, are necessary to determine the relative cost
effectiveness and efficacy of these alternative strategies. Finally, it remains
controversial as to whether prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy is the optimal
strategy for preventing CMV disease. While a growing body of literature
describes these approaches in adult transplant recipients, published experience
in children has been much more limited.
N. Ref:: 122
----------------------------------------------------
[146]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Cytomegalovirus. A
common virus causing serious disease.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Aust Fam Physician 2003 Oct;32(10):789-93.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Rawlinson W; Scott G
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - South Eastern Sydney Area Health Service,
Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Royal Hospital for Women,
Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of New South Wales. w.rawlinson@unsw.edu.au
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - BACKGROUND: Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is
a herpes virus that causes severe illness and death in people whose immune
systems are compromised, including organ and bone marrow transplant recipients,
HIV infected people, those on immunosuppressive drugs and newborns infected
during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to present a clear guide to
diagnosis and treatment of CMV in at risk patients in the community.
DISCUSSION: Cytomegalovirus is a common infection in the community, but
diagnosis is often seen as difficult. The use of careful clinical assessment
tests and a clear diagnostic algorithm can provide appropriate diagnosis in
most immunocompromised patients, pregnant women and newborns with CMV. Treatment
strategies and available antivirals are improving, complementing the advances
made with diagnostic techniques and algorithms. N. Ref:: 27
----------------------------------------------------
[147]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - A case of persistent
anemia in a renal transplant recipient: association with parvovirus B19
infection.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Scand J Infect Dis 2002;34(1):71-5.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Choi SH; Chang SP; Won JC; Lee JS; Chi HS;
Yang WS; Park SK
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan
University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - We report an unexplained anemia that
persisted for 4 months in a renal transplant patient who was receiving
immunosuppression therapy that included prednisolone, tacrolimus and
azathioprine. A bone marrow biopsy demonstrated pure erythroid hypoplasia and
occasional giant pronormoblasts with intranuclear inclusions, characteristic of
a parvovirus B19 infection. Both the serum and bone marrow cells were positive
by parvovirus B19 DNA PCR. The anemia resolved 6 weeks after the administration
of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Four months later, anemia redeveloped and
IVIG was infused again. Hemoglobin levels were, however, still subnormal after
1 month of treatment and tacrolimus was then switched to cyclosporin A,
resulting in a clear improvement. A parvovirus B19 infection should be included
in the differential diagnosis of renal transplant recipients who present with
anemia associated with a low reticulocyte count. Tacrolimus may possibly impair
the clearance of a parvovirus B19 infection.
N. Ref:: 21
----------------------------------------------------
[148]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Rhodococcus equi brain
abscess in an immunocompetent patient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Scand J Infect Dis 2002;34(4):300-2.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Corne P; Rajeebally I; Jonquet O
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Gui
de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Rhodococcus equi brain abscesses usually
occur in immunocompromised patients with prolonged and refractory pulmonary
infections. Herein we report a case of R. equi brain abscess in a 67-y-old man
without immunodepression. Our patient recovered after neurosurgical resection and
prolonged antimicrobial therapy with vancomycin and
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. N.
Ref:: 10
----------------------------------------------------
[149]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - The Epstein-Barr virus
and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease: interplay of
immunosuppression, EBV, and the immune system in disease pathogenesis.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Transpl Infect Dis 2001 Jun;3(2):60-9.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Tanner JE; Alfieri C
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Pediatrics, Children’s
Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa Medical School, Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Transplant patients are at particular risk
for developing post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) following
administration of immunosuppressive therapy. In many cases the PTLD lesions
express Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent and lytic genes as well as elevated
levels of host cytokines. An outline of the potential contributions of EBV,
host cytokines and T cells, and the immunosuppressive cyclosporine A,
tacrolimus, and anti-CD3 antibody in the mechanism and pathogenesis of this
disease is presented and discussed. N.
Ref:: 145
----------------------------------------------------
[150]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Rising incidence of
hepatocellular carcinoma: the role of hepatitis B and C; the impact on
transplantation and outcomes.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Liver Dis 2003 Aug;7(3):683-714.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Kaplan DE; Reddy KR
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Gastroenterology and
Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3 Raydin, 3400
Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Hepatocellular carcinoma caused by
hepatitis B and hepatitis C are global scourges but are likely to peak in
incidence in the next 2 decades and then decline. Universal vaccination has
been effective in stemming the incidence of chronic hepatitis B and early-onset
HCC in regions of high endemicity where implemented, but preventive measures in
HCV are not yet available. After the attrition of older affected generations,
the incidence of HCC will likely decline rapidly. While no vaccine is currently
available for hepatitis C, cases are projected to peak and decline because of a
marked reduction in transmission as a result of behavioral modification and
safeguarding of blood supplies. Until these epidemiologic projections come to
pass, management of hepatocellular carcinoma will continue to become a
progressively more frequently encountered clinical challenge. Therapy for
chronic hepatitis may ameliorate but will not eliminate the development of
tumors. The demand for orthotopic liver transplantation will continue to climb,
and palliative therapies for non-resectable cases will require studies aimed at
optimization of benefit. LDLT may remain an option for high-risk patients
affording tumor-free survival for some otherwise terminal patients. N. Ref:: 331
----------------------------------------------------
[151]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Impact of HAART on
HIV-linked malignancies.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - AIDS Read 2003 May;13(5):202, 205.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Laurence J N. Ref:: 13
----------------------------------------------------
[152]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Rhodococcus equi
infection in transplant recipients: a case of mistaken identity and review of
the literature.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Transpl Infect Dis 2002 Mar;4(1):52-6.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Perez MG; Vassilev T; Kemmerly SA
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Internal Medicine, Section
on Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Clinic and Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation,
New Orleans, Louisiana 70121,USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The incidence of Rhodococcus equi
infection in solid-organ transplant recipients continues to rise throughout the
world. Unfortunately, this opportunistic pathogen is still underestimated and
potentially disregarded by physicians and microbiology laboratories due to its
morphology on Gram staining. Pulmonary involvement is the most common finding
in the immunocompromised host. We report a case of a 63-year-old heart-transplant
recipient who presented with increasing fatigue and nonproductive cough for 3
weeks. After full evaluation, a lung abscess was demonstrated by thoracic
computerized tomography (CT). Blood and sputum cultures were remarkable for
heavy “diphtheroids.” Although the Gram-stain result was initially interpreted
as a contaminant, a clinical suspicion for Rhodococcus assisted in further
investigation. Broncheoalveolar lavage and CT-guided biopsy of the lung abscess
revealed heavy growth of diphtheroids. However, further evaluation by a
reference laboratory demonstrated mycolic acid staining consistent with R.
equi. Surgical drainage and prolonged antibiotic therapy resulted in complete
remission of the pneumonia and abscess. This represents the fourth reported
case of R. equi infection in a heart transplant recipient. It is imperative
that all physicians and laboratory staff consider R. equi when an
immunocompromised patient has any type of pneumonia, especially with abscess
formation. N. Ref:: 20
----------------------------------------------------
[153]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Immunosuppression in
hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus transplants: special considerations.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Liver Dis 2003 Aug;7(3):667-81.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Samuel D; Kimmoun E
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Centre Hepato-Biliaire, Hopital Paul
Brousse, Universite Paris Sud, 12-14 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800
Villejuif, France UPRES 3541. didier.samuel@pbr.ap-hop-paris.fr
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The management of the immunosuppression
treatment must take account its consequences on viral replication. Such
treatment operates on the emerging balance between the recurrence of the virus
on the graft and the immune response of the host. Randomized and prospective
trials are currently ongoing with the purpose of determining the opportunity
and relevance of each immunosuppressive agent in the treatment. In HBV
patients, good control of HBV reinfection by prophylactic strategies using
HBIG, lamivudine, or both have decreased the impact of immunosuppression on HBV
recurrence. In contrast, HCV recurrence is now a major problem. The mechanisms
of viral recurrence need to be deepened thus requiring new studies. The absence
of in vitro and in vivo systems to study HCV reinfection is a lack in the
comprehension of the relation between HCV and immunosuppression. It will allow
adapting the effectiveness of the immunosuppression treatment. The treatment’s
primary target is to avoid graft rejection, and its secondary objective is to
limit the risk of viral recurrence. N.
Ref:: 88
----------------------------------------------------
[154]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Myroides odoratus
cellulitis and bacteremia: case report and review.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Scand J Infect Dis 2001;33(12):932-4.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Green BT; Green K; Nolan PE
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Infectious Diseases,
University of South Alabama, Mobile, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - A case of Myroides odoratus cellulitis
with bacteremia in an apparently immunocompetent man is presented. Although
common in soil and water, this agent is a rare clinical isolate and is often
not considered pathogenic. The virulence of M. odoratus may be greater than is
currently believed and it should be considered in bacteremias from cutaneous
sources in immunocompetent patients. N.
Ref:: 7
----------------------------------------------------
[155]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Cat scratch disease and
acute rejection after pediatric renal transplantation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Pediatr Transplant 2002 Aug;6(4):327-31.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Dharnidharka VR; Richard GA; Neiberger RE;
Fennell RS 3rd
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - The Division of Pediatric Nephrology,
Shands Children’s Hospital and University of Florida College of Medicine,
Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA. vikasmd@ufl.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Cat scratch disease (CSD) can lead to
unexplained fever, generalized lymphadenopathy and organomegaly in
immunocompetent individuals. CSD has rarely been reported in immunocompromised
transplant recipients, where its clinical features would mimic the more common
post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). We report three cases of
CSD seen recently in children who had received prior kidney transplants. The
three children were between 7 and 9 yr old, and had received kidney transplants
2-4 yr prior, with stable renal function. In each case, there was unexplained
fever with either lymphadenopathy or organomegaly. The diagnosis of CSD was
suggested by a history of new cats being introduced into each household and
confirmed in all cases by the serological presence of a significant titer (>
1 : 64) of IgM antibodies to Bartonella henselae. Tests for other bacterial
infections, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections were negative.
All the patients showed a clinical improvement with anti-microbial therapy. In
patients A and B, the CSD was associated with an acute rejection episode shortly
after diagnosis. The rejection episodes were reversed by intravenous steroid
pulse therapy. Only four cases of CSD have been previously reported following
solid organ transplantation. Acute rejection following CSD has not been
previously reported. CSD should be included in the differential diagnosis of
fever in the post-transplant setting, especially where PTLD is suspected. N. Ref:: 12
----------------------------------------------------
[156]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Hepatitis B immune
globulin preparations and use in liver transplantation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Liver Dis 2003 Aug;7(3):537-50.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Terrault NA; Vyas G
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medicine, University of
California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room S 537, San Francisco, CA 94143-0538,
USA. noraht@itsa.ucsf.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Hepatitis B immune globulin remains a
central component of prophylaxis in HBV-infected patients undergoing liver
transplantation. HBIG monotherapy given at a high dosage and indefinitely can
prevent recurrence in 65% to 80% of patients. Because treatment failures occur
and combination therapy using HBIG plus a nucleoside analog is more uniformly
effective, the current standard of care is combination HBIG plus a nucleoside
analog. These combination protocols have reduced the rate of virologic
breakthrough to 10% or less. Several questions remain. The optimal dose and
duration of HBIG use is unclear. Moreover, the development of resistance to lamivudine
(and other nucleoside analogs) before transplantation increases the risk for
virologic breakthrough post-transplantation. For patients with pre-transplant
evidence of active HBV replication caused by the presence of nucleoside analog
resistance, HBIG may be the main or only form of prophylaxis. For these
patients, HBIG doses sufficient to maintain anti-HBs titers comparable to the
days of HBIG monotherapy seem warranted. New HBIG formulations have made
anti-HBs therapy more safe and tolerable to patients but the cost of the drug
remains significant. The cost factor is particularly important in developing
countries or countries with more limited resources for management of liver
transplant recipients. Thus, there remains a need to develop and test new forms
of anti-HBs therapy, so that effective but less expensive forms of
immunoprophylaxis can be made available.
N. Ref:: 44
----------------------------------------------------
[157]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - An enduring
association? Microfilariae and immunosuppression [correction of
immunosupression] in lymphatic filariasis.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Trends Parasitol 2003 Dec;19(12):565-70.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - O’Connor RA; Jenson JS; Osborne J; Devaney
E
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Trudeau Institute, 100 Algonquin Avenue,
Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA. N.
Ref:: 55
----------------------------------------------------
[158]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Antiviral resistance in
cytomegalovirus: an emerging problem in organ transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Semin Respir Infect 2002 Dec;17(4):265-73.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1053/srin.2002.36447
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Limaye AP
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Laboratory Medicine,
University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. limaye@u.washington.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - In the era of more aggressive
immunosuppressive regimens and antiviral prophylaxis, ganciclovir-resistant
cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been recognized as an important clinical problem in
organ transplant recipients. Among the various solid-organ transplant (SOT)
recipients, lung transplant recipients appear to be disproportionately
affected. Ganciclovir-resistant CMV appears to be a relatively late
posttransplant complication and is seen predominantly among CMV-seronegative
recipients of organs from seropositive donors, particularly in the setting of
potent immunosuppression and prolonged exposure to ganciclovir (especially oral
ganciclovir). Limitations in current diagnostic methods mandate a high clinical
index of suspicion. In high-risk patients in whom ganciclovir resistance is
clinically suspected, while awaiting laboratory confirmation of resistance,
empiric addition of intravenous foscarnet, often combined with reduction in
immunosuppression and CMV hyperimmune globulin, are commonly used. Better
diagnostic tools and newer, less toxic, antiviral agents with different
mechanisms of action are urgently needed to decrease the morbidity associated
with this complication in organ transplant recipients. N. Ref:: 39
----------------------------------------------------
[159]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Cutaneous
manifestations of systemic cryptococcosis in immunosupressed patients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Med 2001;32(5-6):259-66.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Thomas I; Schwartz RA
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Dermatology, UMDNJ New Jersey Medical
School, Newark 07103-2714, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Since its discovery 100 years ago, the
encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans has been implicated in systemic
infections of many immunocompromised patients and has been a leading cause of
morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients. Clinical symptoms are often initially
subtle or lacking. Cutaneous involvement often carries a dismal prognosis as it
is usually a sign of dissemination. However, lesions may develop before any
systemic or constitutional symptomatology, and despite their non specific
appearance, are easily accessible for scrapings, biopsies and cultures. A high
index of suspicion is of utmost importance in high risk individuals to avoid
delaying the diagnosis and treatment. N.
Ref:: 30
----------------------------------------------------
[160]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Viral inhibition of MHC
class II antigen presentation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Trends Immunol 2003 May;24(5):278-85.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Hegde NR; Chevalier MS; Johnson DC
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Molecular Microbiology and
Immunology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Oregon Health and Science
University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
N. Ref:: 59
----------------------------------------------------
[161]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Phaeohyphomycosis of
the central nervous system in immunocompetent hosts: report of a case and review
of the literature.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Int J Infect Dis 2003 Dec;7(4):282-6.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Filizzola MJ; Martinez F; Rauf SJ
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Internal Medicine, The
University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas, USA. filizzola@aol.com
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Background: Phaeohyphomycosis refers to
infections caused by phaeoid fungi that can have an aggressive course in normal
hosts. Involvement of the central nervous system may occur with a generally
poor outcome. Clinical report and literature review: We report a case of
Bipolaris sp. brain abscess in an immunologically competent host. We also
review all previous cases of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis in normal hosts reported
in the literature to date. Conclusions: Central nervous system
phaeohyphomycosis remains an unusual disease; however, its incidence has been
increasing in recent years. The prognosis of this condition is still poor,
despite medical and surgical interventions. Aggressive diagnostic approaches
and careful interpretation of cultures might modify the natural history of this
disease. N. Ref:: 17
----------------------------------------------------
[162]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - The role of
bronchoalveolar lavage in the immunocompromised host.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Semin Respir Infect 2003 Jun;18(2):87-94.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Feller-Kopman D; Ernst A
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Interventional Pulmonology, Division of
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330
Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage
(BAL) is a frequently performed, minimally invasive endoscopic examination in
patients with unclear infiltrates or pulmonary infections. It can be performed
safely in patients with compromised immune systems of different etiologies.
This article summarizes the experience with and efficacy of BAL in different
disease states in this clinical circumstance. Because human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)-related diseases and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
patients show different characteristics when compared with patients with other
reasons for immunosuppression, they are discussed separately. Clinical algorithms
are presented. N.
Ref:: 47
----------------------------------------------------
[163]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Human papillomavirus
infection and skin cancer risk in organ transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2001 Dec;6(3):207-11.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Bouwes Bavinck JN; Feltkamp M; Struijk L;
ter Schegget J
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Dermatology, Leiden
University Medical Center, The Netherlands. J.N.BouwesBavinck@Lumc.nl
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Warts and squamous cell carcinomas are
important cutaneous complications in organ transplant recipients. The role of
infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) in the development of cutaneous
squamous cell carcinoma is still unclear. An extremely diverse group of HPV
types, mainly consisting of epidermodysplasia-verruciformis (EV)-associated HPV
types, can be detected in benign, premalignant, and malignant skin lesions of
organ transplant recipients. Frequently, there are multiple HPV types present
in single skin biopsies. Typically, the prevalence of viral warts rises
steadily after transplantation and a strong association exists between the
number of HPV-induced warts and the development of skin cancer. The interval
between the transplantation to the development of warts is clearly shorter than
the interval from transplantation to the diagnosis of the first skin cancer. A
comparison of transplant recipients with and without skin cancer, however,
showed an equally high prevalence of EV-HPV DNA in keratotic skin lesions in
both groups of patients and the detection rate and spectrum of HPV infection in
hyperkeratotic papillomas, actinic keratoses, and squamous cell carcinomas was
also similar. HPV DNA can frequently be detected in patients with
hyperproliferative disorders like psoriasis and antibodies against HPV in
patients with regenerating skin (e.g., after extensive second degree burns).
Latent infection with EV-HPV seems to be widespread. The hair follicle region might
be the reservoir of EV-HPV. The E6 protein from a range of cutaneous HPV types
effectively inhibits apoptosis in response to UV-light induced damage. It is
therefore conceivable that individuals who are infected by EV-HPV are at an
increased risk of developing actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinomas,
possibly by chronically preventing UV-light induced apoptosis. N. Ref:: 73
----------------------------------------------------
[164]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Management of hepatitis
B and C in renal failure and renal transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Trop Gastroenterol 2002
Apr-Jun;23(2):49-53.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Amarapurkar D; Das HS
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Gastroenterology and
Hepatology, Bombay Hospital And Medical Research Center, Mumbai. deepakn@bom3.vsnl.net.in N. Ref:: 79
----------------------------------------------------
[165]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Chapter 6:
Immunosuppression and co-infection with HIV.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2003;(31):41-6.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Palefsky JM; Holly EA
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - University of California-San Francisco,
505 Parnassus Ave., Rm. M1203, Box 0126, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. joelp@medicine.ucsf.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Individuals with immunosuppression caused
by HIV infection or organ transplantation are at increased risk of human
papillomavirus (HPV)-associated anogenital cancers compared with age-matched
healthy individuals. The exact role of immunosuppression in conferring
increased risk is not known. Although it is unknown which stages of progression
from dysplasia to cancer are most affected by immunosuppression, current data
suggest that immunosuppression is most strongly associated with the early
stages of dysplasia, and that progression to cancer per se is not associated
with immunosuppression. Studies to determine this relationship in detail are
hampered by the paucity of precise biomarkers of cell-mediated immune response
to HPV. This chapter will address these and other issues to provide a better
understanding of the biology of HPV infection among immunocompromised
individuals. Questions remain about the biology of HPV infection among immunocompromised
HIV-negative individuals (e.g., transplant patients) compared with those who
are HIV-positive; the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the
natural history of anogenital dysplasia and cancer among those who are
HIV-positive, and whether the biology of specific HPV types is the same in
HIV-positive as in HIV-negative individuals. Understanding HPV infection in
those who are immunocompromised offers the potential to better understand its
pathobiology in the putatively immunocompetent host. N. Ref:: 42
----------------------------------------------------
[166]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Natural history of
hepatitis C and outcomes following liver transplantation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Liver Dis 2003 Aug;7(3):585-602.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Charlton M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Gastroenterology and
Hepatology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Transplant Center CH-10, 200 First St.
S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA. charlton.michael@mayo.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Hepatitis C-associated liver failure is
the most common indication for liver transplantation and the infection recurs
nearly universally following transplantation. Histologic evidence of recurrence
is apparent in approximately 50% of HCV-infected recipients in the first
postoperative year. Approximately 10% of HCV-infected recipients will die or
lose their allograft secondary to hepatitis C-associated allograft failure in
the medium term. HCV-infected recipients who undergo retransplantation
experience 5-year patient and graft survival rates that are similar to
recipients undergoing retransplantation who are not HCV-infected. While the
choice of calcineurin inhibitor or the use of azathioprine have not been
clearly shown to affect histologic recurrence of hepatitis C or the frequency
of rejection in HCV-infected recipients, cumulative exposure to corticosteroids
is associated with increased mortality, higher levels of HCV viremia, and more
severe histologic recurrence. In contrast to non-HCV-infected recipients,
treatment for acute cellular rejection is associated with attenuated patient
survival among recipients with hepatitis C. The development of
steroid-resistant rejection is associated with a greater than 5-fold increased
risk of mortality in HCV-infected liver transplant recipients. In lieu of large
studies in a posttransplant population, therapy with pegylated IFN (+/-
ribavirin) should be considered in recipients with histologically apparent
recurrence of hepatitis C before total bilirubin exceeds 3 mg/dl. The role of
hepatitis C immunoglobulin and new immunosuppression agents in the management
of posttransplant hepatitis C infection is still evolving. N. Ref:: 85
----------------------------------------------------
[167]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Respiratory virus
infections in the immunocompromised host.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Paediatr Respir Rev 2003 Sep;4(3):193-204.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Soldatou A; Davies EG
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Immunology, Great Ormond
Street Hospital, WC1 N 3JH, London, UK.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The number of immunocompromised children
in the population is increasing for a variety of reasons. Common respiratory
viruses acquired in the community or in the hospital setting include the ortho-
and paramyxoviruses and may cause severe lower respiratory tract disease in
these children. Measles is again becoming a threat. Particularly in transplant
patients, Herpes group viruses and adenoviruses, often part of a reactivation
illness, can cause potentially life-threatening disease. The use of rapid
molecular diagnostic techniques and an increasing array of antiviral therapies
can help ensure a good outcome in many cases, although controlled clinical
trial data are often lacking. Immunotherapeutic strategies using specific
antibodies or cytotoxic T cells are being developed and are likely to have an
increasing role in prophylaxis and pre-emptive therapy in the future. The
development and introduction of vaccines against common respiratory diseases
will help reduce the risks faced by these susceptible children. N. Ref:: 62
----------------------------------------------------
[168]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Eikenella corrodens: an
unusual cause of severe parapneumonic infection and empyema in immunocompetent
patients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - J Natl Med Assoc 2001 Jun;93(6):224-9.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Hoyler SL; Antony S
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - University of Texas at Austin College of
Pharmacy, Texas Oncology Physicians Associates, El Paso 79915, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Over the past 25 years, Eikenella
corrodens has increasingly been recognized for its pathogenic potential.
Previously identified as an organism most likely to cause opportunistic
infection in the immunocompromised host, Eikenella more recently has been
implicated in a number of clinical infections in non-immunocompromised
patients. We report a case of community-acquired pneumonia, caused by
Eikenella, in a patient with diabetes mellitus and a past history of testicular
cancer. A review of the literature was conducted in order to review other cases
of pulmonary infection with Eikenella, in immunocompetent adults. The condition
was diagnosed in 15 patients, occurring most often in men with a mean age of
50. Patients most often presented with fever, cough and pleuritic chest pain.
Complications often involved parapneumonic effusion, empyema, and necrotic
parenchymal disease. Mortality rates appear to be low. Eikenella is most often
susceptible to ampicillin and has variable susceptibility to aminoglycosides.
The addition of clindamycin in non-immunocompromised patients with Eikenella
infection, co-infected with other pathogens, also appears to be useful.
Surgical intervention plays an important role in the recovery of these
patients. N. Ref:: 15
----------------------------------------------------
[169]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Primary cutaneous
cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype B, in an
immunocompetent patient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2002
Jul-Aug;44(4):225-8.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Lacaz Cda S; Heins-Vaccari EM;
Hernandez-Arriagada GL; Martins EL; Prearo CA; Corim SM; Martins Mdos A
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Laboratorio de Micologia Medica, Instituto
de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - The authors report a male patient, a
seller with no detected immunosuppression, with an extensive ulcerated skin
lesion localized on the left forearm, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var.
gattii serotype B. Oral treatment with fluconazole was successful. A review of
the literature showed the rarity of this localization in HIV-negative patients.
In contrast, skin lesions frequently occurs in HIV-positive patients, with
Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans serotype A predominating as the
etiological agent. In this paper, the pathogenicity of C. neoformans to skin
lesions in patients immunocompromised or not, is discussed, showing the
efficacy of fluconazole for the treatment of these processes. N. Ref:: 26
----------------------------------------------------
[170]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Role of cytomegalovirus
in cardiac allograft vasculopathy.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Transpl Infect Dis 2001;3 Suppl 2:44-8.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Weill D
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA. dweill@uab.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Cardiac allograft vasculopathy is the most
common cause of death and retransplantation following heart transplantation,
and about 10% of patients per year have evidence of accelerated vascular
disease; 50% at 5 years. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been associated
with accelerated cardiac vasculopathy and decreased 5-year survival.
Prophylactic therapy using ganciclovir has reduced the incidence of CMV
disease, but not in the group at highest risk, namely the seronegative
recipient of an allograft from a seropositive donor (D+/R-). Combination
prophylaxis consisting of CMV hyperimmune globulin (CMV-IGIV) plus ganciclovir
is associated with decreased intimal thickening, reduced coronary artery
disease and obliterative bronchiolitis, and improved survival. N. Ref:: 22
----------------------------------------------------
[171]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Efficacy of
desensitization via the sublingual route in mite allergy.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Chem Immunol Allergy 2003;82:62-76.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Guez S
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Unite des Maladies Allergiques, Hopital
Pellegrin-Tripode, Bordeaux, France. stephane.guez@chu-bordeaux.fr
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Desensitization via the sublingual route
when treating mite allergy is a new technique in immunotherapy that has aroused
the interest of an increasing number of allergists. Assessing its effectiveness
is difficult because of the multiplicity of the criteria used by the various
published studies to determine what constitutes an improvement. But a critical
analysis of the results obtained in the various methodologically rigorous
studies suggests that treatment is effective when compared to a placebo. It
remains, however, necessary to determine whether or not the sublingual route is
superior to the subcutaneous route; its ease of use and harmlessness should not
be the only criteria when deciding upon a treatment that above all else should
be curative. N.
Ref:: 16
----------------------------------------------------
[172]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Natural history of
hepatitis B and outcomes after liver transplantation.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Liver Dis 2003 Aug;7(3):521-36.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Huang MA; Lok AS
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Gastroenterology, Department
of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 3912 Taubman
Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - HBV infection is the single most common
cause of cirrhosis globally although the prevalence rate is influenced by
geographic region. The natural course of HBV infection and the clinical outcome
is dependent on the interplay between host, virus, and environmental factors.
Understanding the natural history of HBV infection is important in determining
treatment strategies. OLT is the ultimate cure for patients with HBV-related
liver failure or HCC. The use of HBIG and new antiviral agents has resulted in
significant decrease in HBV re-infection rate and survival of patients
transplanted for hepatitis B in recent years is comparable to that of patients
transplanted for other liver disease. N.
Ref:: 82
----------------------------------------------------
[173]
TÍTULO / TITLE: -
Cytomegalovirus-associated acute transverse myelitis in immunocompetent adults.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Microbiol Infect 2003
Dec;9(12):1187-90.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Fux CA; Pfister S; Nohl F; Zimmerli S
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Institute for Infectious Diseases,
University of Bern, Switzerland.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - We report a case of transverse myelitis as
a complication of acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in immunocompetent
patients; and review the literature on the entity. Primary CMV infection was
documented by CMV antigenemia and high serum titers of CMV IgM and IgG
antibodies. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis indicated central nervous
system inflammation; CSF polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for CMV, however, was
negative. The results of magnetic resonance imaging of the myelon were normal.
Although CMV-associated transverse myelitis has been well described in
HIV-positive individuals, but is very rare in immunocompetent individuals. It
remains unclear whether the neuronal damage is immune mediated or due to a
cytotoxic effect of viral infection. The outcome is mainly favorable. N. Ref:: 25
----------------------------------------------------
[174]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Rhodotorula species
fungemia: a threat to the immunocompromised host.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Clin Lab 2003;49(1-2):49-55.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Anatoliotaki M; Mantadakis E; Galanakis E;
Samonis G
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - The University of Crete, Division of
Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Members of the genus Rhodotorula, family
Cryptococcaceae, are common airborne fungi showing remarkable ubiquity. In the
recent past they were considered nonvirulent saprophytes. However, during the
last two decades they have emerged as opportunistic pathogens in
immunocompromised patients. A review of the English literature covering the
period 1960-2001 disclosed 47 reported cases of Rhodotorula spp fungemia. The
great majority of these infections has been reported after 1990, were
catheter-related, and diagnosed in patients with cancer. The treatment of
Rhodotorula fungemia remains controversial. Resolution of coexistent
neutropenia is essential for recovery. Removal of the central venous catheter
is usually sufficient and treatment with systenic antifungals may not be
required. If catheter removal is undesirable or impossible or when the
infection persists, treatment with amphotericin B is the treatment of choice.
Rhodotorula is a fungus with a low virulence and fatality rate. Hence, most
patients with Rhodotorula fungemia reported in the literature survived with or
without administration of antifungal agents.
N. Ref:: 23
----------------------------------------------------
[175]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - MHC restriction in
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Front Biosci 2003 Jan 1;8:s140-8.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Chauhan B; Hutcheson PS; Slavin RG;
Bellone CJ
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Internal Medicine, Saint
Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA. chauhamb@slu.edu
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
(ABPA) is a rare complication in patients with asthma but more common in
patients with cystic fibrosis. In the presence of the fungus Aspergillus
fumigatus (Af) in the lower respiratory tract, patients mount a heightened IgG
and IgE humoral response specific for Af antigens. Studies on ABPA have
suggested a pathogenic role for antigen specific CD4+ Th2 like T lymphocytes
producing increased levels of IL-4 and IL-5. MHC class II genes coding for
highly polymorphic HLA molecules have been shown to be the likely candidates
for controlling immune responses to common allergens. However there has been a
lack of information on the pathophysiological role of HLA genes in the
development of ABPA. This review describes an association between HLA- class II
alleles and the specific responses to Af antigen (Asp f 1) in ABPA. These
studies focused on MHC restriction and distribution of HLA- class II alleles in
two groups of unrelated North American Caucasian patients with cystic fibrosis
and/or asthma. One group consisted of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of
ABPA and a second group of patients with Af sensitivity but no ABPA. HLA
association studies revealed that the predisposition to develop ABPA is
associated with HLA-DR2 and DR5, and possibly DR4 or DR7. A strong association
of HLA-DR antigens with ABPA reflects that HLA-DR molecules may present
disease-causing peptides. On the other hand a significant association of
HLA-DQ2 with Af sensitive nonABPA indicates the involvement of HLA-DQ molecules
in protection. A combination of these genetic factors determines the outcome of
ABPA in patients with cystic fibrosis and asthma. N. Ref:: 67
----------------------------------------------------
[176]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Mycobacterial
infections in organ transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Semin Respir Infect 2002 Dec;17(4):274-83.
●●
Enlace al texto completo (gratuito o de pago) 1053/srin.2002.36445
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - John GT; Shankar V
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Nephrology, Christian
Medical College Hospital, Vellore, India. george@cmvellore.ac.in
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Tuberculosis has a major adverse impact on
solid organ transplant recipients; this article attempts to define this fact.
The prevalence of posttransplant tuberculosis is increasing globally and
currently is 13.7% at our center. The transplant surgery divides the continuum
of pretransplant tuberculosis and posttransplant tuberculosis;
immunosuppression accounts for a greater severity of the latter. Cyclosporin
and tacrolimus are associated with an earlier onset of tuberculosis when
compared with prednisolone and azathioprine immunosuppression. Disseminated
disease is more common in nonrenal transplants. The risk for developing
posttransplant tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients increased 2.25 times
independently with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and twice with chronic liver disease;
OKT3 treatment enhances the risk 1.8-fold. Tuberculosis occurring after 2 years
of transplantation, diabetes mellitus, posttransplant diabetes mellitus,
chronic liver disease, CMV, and deep mycoses each independently confer a risk,
1.5-times or higher, for death. Disseminated disease entails a 2-fold risk.
Treatment with or without rifampicin is possible; the former is associated with
a higher risk for allograft rejection. Isoniazid prophylaxis is recommended for
high-risk patients with apparent clinical efficacy. However, in endemic areas,
attendant liver disease makes it a difficult goal. N. Ref:: 35
----------------------------------------------------
[177]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Human herpesvirus type
8 infections among solid organ transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Pediatr Transplant 2002 Jun;6(3):187-92.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Allen UD
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Infectious Diseases,
Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto,
Canada. Upton.allen@sickkids.on.ca
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is known to
be associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and a
form of Castleman’s disease. Recently, it has also been shown to be associated
with acute bone marrow failure in transplant patients. While, the full spectrum
of clinical manifestations due to HHV-8 is yet to be defined in transplant
recipients, it is known to cause post-transplant KS as a result of primary as
well as secondary infection. This review will discuss the possible role of
HHV-8 as a cause of disease in solid organ transplant recipients by focussing
on important issues, including the biology of the virus, epidemiology, clinical
manifestations, laboratory diagnosis and treatment, followed by a discussion of
issues of relevance to the pediatric transplant recipient. N. Ref:: 56
----------------------------------------------------
[178]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Immunosuppressive
effects of beta-herpesviruses.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Herpes 2003 May;10(1):12-6.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Boeckh M; Nichols WG
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. mboeckh@fhcrc.org
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Immunomodulatory effects of human
beta-herpesviruses have been reported in vitro and in vivo. Clinical studies
suggest that beta-herpesvirus infection may increase the risk for other
infections, the severity of infection, or the tempo of disease progression. An
increased incidence of bacterial and fungal infections, and graft rejection,
have been reported in association with cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human
herpesviruses type 6 and type 7 infections have been implicated as risk factors
for CMV infection and graft rejection. Beta-herpesviruses may also interact
with HIV-1 and hepatitis C. To prove a causal relationship between
beta-herpesviruses and specific clinical outcomes, randomized trials, with
selective suppression of the virus, are required. Such trials have been
performed for CMV and showed a reduction in bacterial and fungal infections as
well as rejection in selected solid organ transplant recipients. More trials
are needed to evaluate whether the effects seen in observational studies are
truly related. N.
Ref:: 61
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[179]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Resistance and
susceptibility in human onchocerciasis—beyond Th1 vs. Th2.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Trends Parasitol 2002 Jan;18(1):25-31.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Hoerauf A; Brattig N
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical
Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany. hoerauf@bni.uni-hamburg.de
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - As research progress has led to programs
for the elimination of onchocerciasis as a public health problem, research must
now be intensified to protect elimination efforts. A profound understanding of
the immunology in the human-parasite relationship is required for predicting
the impacts of an altered immune response in a population post-microfilaricide
treatment, and for the development of a vaccine against onchocerciasis, a
highly desirable tool to guarantee sustained elimination success. This article
summarizes the recent advancements in understanding the human immune mechanisms
against onchocerciasis, and focuses on the new concept of T-cell suppressor
responses as a major counterbalance mechanism for effector responses driven by
T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells against the filarial worms. N. Ref:: 71
----------------------------------------------------
[180]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - BK virus infection in
renal transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Pediatr Transplant 2001 Dec;5(6):398-405.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Lin PL; Vats AN; Green M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery,
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213-2583, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - BK virus (BKV) is increasingly being
recognized as an important pathogen among renal transplant recipients. To date,
only limited information is known about BKV infections in this population;
definitive data regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome
of BKV infection are lacking. Therefore, further investigations are needed.
This article reviews our current understanding of BKV infections among renal
transplant patients. N.
Ref:: 43
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[181]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Immunotherapy of human
papillomavirus-associated malignancies and the challenges posed by T-cell
tolerance.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Front Biosci 2002 Apr 1;7:d853-71.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Wilcox RA; Chen L
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Human papillomaviruses are associated with
a broad range of carcinomas, including cervical cancer. Although the delivery
of immunogenic tumor-associated antigens represents a promising approach in the
treatment of these malignancies, the imposition of T cell tolerance poses a significant
challenge in this endeavor. The purpose of this review is to discuss T cell
tolerance and the role of T cell costimulation in the immunotherapy of
HPV-associated malignancies. N.
Ref:: 266
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[182]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Infections in the
transplant recipient.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Med Health R I 2002 Apr;85(4):125-7.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Fischer SA
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Infectious Diseases, Brown
Medical School, Providence, RI, USA. Sfischer@Lifespan.org N. Ref:: 22
----------------------------------------------------
[183]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Nontuberculous
mycobacterial pulmonary diseases in immunocompetent patients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Korean J Radiol 2002 Jul-Sep;3(3):145-57.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Koh WJ; Kwon OJ; Lee KS
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical
Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM)
infections are an increasingly recognized cause of chronic lung disease in
immunocompetent adults, and the M. avium complex, M. kansasii, and a rapidly
growing mycobacteria such as M. abscessus, M. fortuitum, and M. chelonae
account for most of the pathogens involved. Because the clinical features of
NTM disease are not distinguishable from those of tuberculosis, and NTM are
ubiquitous in the environment, diagnosis requires that the bacilli are isolated
and identified. NTM diseases have been difficult to treat, though since the
introduction of new macrolides, the outcome for patients with some NTM diseases
has improved significantly. For correct diagnosis and the successful treatment
of NTM pulmonary disease, a knowledge of the full spectrum of clinical and
radiological findings is important. N.
Ref:: 52
----------------------------------------------------
[184]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Human herpesvirus 6
(HHV6) infection.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Indian J Pediatr 2004 Jan;71(1):89-96.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Abdel-Haq NM; Asmar BI
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Division of Infectious Diseases,
Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Department of
Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
48201, USA. nabdel@dmc.org
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Human herpes virus-6 was first reported in
1986 and is the sixth member of the herpes virus family. HHV-6 consists of two
closely related variants HHV-6A and HHV-6B. The majority of infections occur in
healthy infants with most infections caused by HHV-6B. The virus preferentially
infects CD4+T-lymphocytes and the surface marker CD46 acts as a co-receptor.
Infection is followed by persistence and latency in different cells and organs
including monocytes/macrophages, salivary glands, the brain and the kidneys. In
this article we will discuss the clinical manifestations of HHV-6 infection in
healthy children and the syndromes associated with HHV-6 reactivation in immunocompromised
patients. Evidence of association between HHV-6 infection and different
clinical entities such as multiple sclerosis, malignancy, infectious
momononucleosis, drug hypersensitivity syndromes and skin eruptions is
discussed. Published data on the use and efficacy of antiviral agents in
complicated infections and infections in immunocompromised patients is
presented. N. Ref:: 96
----------------------------------------------------
[185]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - The influence of
diabetes mellitus on postoperative infections.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2003
Mar;15(1):125-35.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Aragon D; Ring CA; Covelli M
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - Orlando Regional Healthcare System, 5428
Conway Oaks Court, Orlando, FL 32812, USA. daleena@orhs.org
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Clinicians and researchers are linking
elevated glucose levels with potential infectious outcomes. Physiologic
processes to fight foreign agents are potentially impaired during periods of
hyperglycemia. Some of these responses, such as immune function and the
inflammatory response, are impaired when they are needed most, such as during
the recovery from surgical procedures. Investigators have demonstrated the
importance of control of serum glucose postoperatively. Outcomes are improved
when tighter glycemic control is practiced. The current literature challenges
practitioners to become more cognizant of serum glucose in surgical patients
and patients who are critically ill, implementing protocols to gain tighter
control of serum glucose in any patient may be appropriate. Further
investigation of glycemic control in surgical and other populations will
reinforce research findings in this area. Studies should be performed on surgical
patients who are particularly vulnerable to DM, glycemic alterations, and
postoperative infections, such as patients undergoing peripheral vascular
surgery. Further investigations are also needed on the role of hyperglycemia
and outcomes in nondiabetic individuals, and on the similarities or differences
in glycemic control in types 1 and 2 DM. To increase the generalizability of
the study findings, definitions used across studies, such as the type of
diabetes, should be standardized. When these studies determine optimal glycemic
control practices in a variety of patient populations, clinicians will be able
to determine the best practice guidelines to optimize patient care and limit
adverse infectious outcomes. N.
Ref:: 36
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[186]
TÍTULO / TITLE: - Polyoma virus in renal
transplant recipients.
REVISTA
/ JOURNAL: - Nephrol Nurs J 2002 Jun;29(3):247-50; quiz
251-2.
AUTORES
/ AUTHORS: - Weiskittel PD
INSTITUCIÓN
/ INSTITUTION: - University Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
RESUMEN
/ SUMMARY: - Infection and rejection have been the most
critical complications following renal transplantation. Rejection rates have
decreased recently with the advent of new and more powerful immunosuppressive
agents. However, infection continues to be a serious complication. The use of
broad-spectrum antibiotics and the development of antiviral agents have
provided effective tools to combat the infectious processes traditionally seen
in renal transplant recipients. Recently, a new viral illness has been
identified in this population. Polyoma virus infection has been identified as
the cause of allograft dysfunction and graft loss. This paper reviews the
current prevalence and outcome of renal transplant patients infected with polyoma
virus. N. Ref:: 16
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